New locality
records and additional information on habitats of three species of clam shrimps
(Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from a region in northern part of Western Ghats
(Sahyadris), India
Sameer M. Padhye 1,
Hemant V. Ghate 2 & Kalpana Pai 3
1 Research fellow, Department of
Zoology, Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
2 Head , Department of Zoology, Modern
College, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra 411 005, India
3 Associate Professor, Department of
Zoology, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
Email: 1 sameer.m.padhye@gmail.com(corresponding author), 2 hemantghate@gmail.com,3 kalpanapai@unipune.ernet.in
Date of publication (online): 26 May 2011
Date of publication (print): 26 May 2011
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Stephen C. Weeks
Manuscript details:
Ms
# o2486
Received
18 June 2010
Final
received 15 December 2010
Finally
accepted 04 January 2011
Citation: Padhye, S.M., H.V. Ghate & K. Pai (2011). New
locality records and additional information on habitats of three species of
clam shrimps (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from a region in northern part of
Western Ghats (Sahyadris), India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1756–1763.
Copyright: © Sameer M. Padhye, Hemant V. Ghate & Kalpana Pai 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank CSIR and UGC for providing the funds
required for the study.
Abstract: Sampling in two freshwater bodies near Pune City, Maharashtra
State located in the northern region of the Western Ghats revealed the presence
of three species of clam shrimps. In this paper we provide new locality records of
genera Caenestheriellasp. and Lynceus sp. from the northern region of the
Western Ghats in Maharashtra State, India. We also provide some habitat description and information on
ecological parameters of the water bodies.
Keywords: Branchiopods, clam shrimps, freshwater, India, new records, Pune
For images, tables -- click here
Large branchiopods are
mostly found in temporary pools. The relatively rapid growth, maturation and the production of dormant
stages make them highly adapted to the recurrent filling and drying of
temporary pools, producing both aquatic and terrestrial phases (Brendonck et
al. 1996).
The crustacean class
Branchiopoda includes clam shrimps (Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata, and
Cyclestherida), tadpole shrimps (Notostraca), fairy shrimps (Anostraca) and
cladocerans (Cladocera). It is a
morphologically diverse group of ecologically important, largely freshwater
organisms (Brendonck 2008).
Although clam shrimps (the
suborders Laevicaudata,
Spinicaudata, and Cyclestherida, formerly treated as the order Conchostraca;
see Martin & Davis 2001) are known from eastern Asia, records from
Southeast Asia are rare (Martin et al. 2003).
Our knowledge of the
distribution and ecology of large branchiopods of India is very poor. There have been very few studies of the
biodiversity of clam shrimps from India. The first work on clam shrimps in India was done by Baird (1860) and was
followed by Gurney (1906). It was then followed by taxonomic works by Nayar & Nair (1968),
Nair (1965), Royan & Alfred (1971), Battish (1981), Balaraman & Nayar
(2004) and Prasad & Simhachalam (2009). These works include very little information about clam
shrimp habitats. So far, 35
species of clam shrimps have been reported from India (Prasad & Simhachalam
2009), out of which only four species have been reported from Maharashtra. The Western Ghats is a biodiversity
hotspot and new species are being discovered there regularly. There has been no detailed survey, as
of yet, on the clam shrimp diversity from the Western Ghats.
Ghate et al. (2003)
reported three species from Pune, though no reference material is present for
confirmation nor is any detailed description presented in the paper.
There are, unfortunately,
no reliable keys for species-level identification of Indian clam shrimps. Royan & Alfred (1971), Battish
(1981) and Balaraman & Nayar (2004) have described a few Indian species; mainly new species of Lynceus. No type specimens were available for comparative studies, although some
authors have deposited the reference material.
Collections from one pool
and a small pond revealed three species of clam shrimps out of which two are
new records to the northern Western Ghats: one species each from the genera Lynceus, and Caenestheriella and one species from the
family Leptestheriidae were collected and studied.
Materials and Methods
Study sites: The pond in University of
Pune was located near the main administrative building (18033’17.62”N & 73049’26.80”E) (Image 1 C-D). It was a temporary pond, though there
was water until the month of April. The Pune University pond has quite a diverse zooplankton fauna along
with other groups of animals. Chara sp. of algae was abundant
at the site of collection. Depth
of the pond varied from 6cm to nearly 2m.
The second habitat was an
ephemeral pool located on Alandi Road just on the outskirts of Pune City (18038’21.23”N & 73052’42.29”E) (Image 1 A-B). It was a small pool and water was
present from the start of monsoon till the month of November. Depth of the pool was around 12-15 cm. Chara sp. was also seen in this
habitat.
Methods: Sampling took place with a
net (mesh about 300µm) swept at a depth of about 6cm at both localities. Sampling was carried out in June and
July 2009 in Pune University pond and in July and August 2009 in Alandi road
pools. Quantitative sampling was
started on 24 June 2009 and was continued once every week until the clam
shrimps could not be seen (22 July 2009). It was done by filtering two litres of water from an approximately one
square foot area from a single site and these quantitative observations were
based entirely on the sampling from a single day. Only qualitative sampling was
done for the other two species found in the pool on Alandi Road. All samples were preserved in 4%
formalin. Physico-chemical
properties (conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids) of both
habitats were measured in the field with a portable EUTECH Multiparameter
PCSTestr 35.
A stereo zoom microscope
(Magnus MS 24) was used for dissections, as well as for general
observations. A compound
microscope (Magnus MLXi) was also used for observation of some morphological
characters as well as photographic documentation.
Generic level identification
for Lynceus sp. and Caenestheriella sp. and family level identification for the Leptestheriidae
species was done by keys given by Martin & Boyce (2004) and Thorp &
Covich (2001).
Results
One species from the family
Leptestheriidae (Image 2 A-F) was found in a pond located on the campus of University of
Pune. This was the only non cladoceran branchiopod seen in the habitat. The pond in the University had an abundance of Chara sp., though the density
decreased as the months progressed. The pond also had Hydrilla sp., though it was never seen at the site where the clam shrimp
were found. Many cladoceran species, like Macrothrix spinosa, Ceriodaphnia cornuta,
Simocephalus mixtus, were found in the pond. The pH of this pond gradually increased and stabilised at about 8. Conductivity was higher for the
University pond as compared to the Road pool. The average conductivity for Pune University pond was 1000 µS
cm−1. The temperature also
fluctuated from 27 to 32 0C (Table1).
The specimen from the University
pond belonged to family Leptestheriidae (Image 2 A-F) as the distal extremity
of rostrum had a acute rostral spine in both sexes in
adult (Martin & Boyce 2004).
To check whether the
species was Leptestheriella maduraensis (Nayar & Nair 1968) and reported by Ghate et
al. (2003) from Pune, we compared our specimen’s characters with the characters
given by Nayar & Nair (1968) and found that the species at Pune University
had some different characters. Because the literature and illustrations were not provided and there
were no reference specimens, no definitive comparisons could be made. Characters showing similarity with L. maduraensis were the hairy margin of
the shell (Image 2D) and distinct dorso-posterior shell morphology for males
and females (Image 2 E -F). However, there were some characters that were different: the number of
segments in the first and second antenna in males and females, telson with more
than 28 spines on its dorsal edge and the furcal claw without any conspicuous
spines.
Quantitative sampling of
species from the family Leptestheriidae was started after its initial discovery
in the pond. Weekly
sampling revealed that the number of individuals were greatest on 24 June. The numbers quickly reduced and no clam
shrimp could be seen after 22 July 2009 (Table 2). Three individuals were kept in the
laboratory for observation and we noted that the shrimps in the lab survived
for more than a month after last sighting in the pond. Some general observations seen were
that the shrimps rested most of the time, either lying laterally or ventrally
on the shell or by digging in the soil and burying themselves. Digging behaviour was seen more often
than the other types. The
posterior part of the body with the telson always remained out when the shrimps
were buried in the soil. There was
a sudden burst of activity seen in between the resting periods and this
occurred randomly. These shrimps
did not show any sensitivity towards light.
The clam shrimps from the
road pools belonged to the genus Lynceus (Image 3 A-F) and the genus Caenestheriella (Image 4 A-C) (Thorp &
Covich 2001; Balaraman & Nayar 2004; Martin & Boyce 2004).
The distinguishing
characters for the genus Lynceus were: carapace valves without carapace lines (Image 3E),
completely enclosing rostrum (Image 3B), a pair of sensory fields on either
side of rostral carina, the first pair of thoracopods in males modified as
claspers (Image 3F) and the caudal end lacking spine-like caudal furca (Image
3D) (Thorp & Covich 2001; Balaraman & Nayar 2004; Martin & Boyce
2004).
Male and female rostra
terminating in an acute point was the distinguishing characters for the genus Caenestheriella (Image 4B) (Thorp &
Covich 2001).
The pool by the Alandi road
had a high density of Chara sp. There was a high density of Streptocephalus sp. (i.e., fairy shrimp,
mostly S. dichotomus) in that pool. Triops granarius was also present, though
in lower density. The
physicochemical parameters were also recorded: average pH was 8.66 and
temperature was 30.20C. Conductivity was about 450 µS/cm (Table 1). The pool dried out in the month of
November.
Species level
identification could not be made for Lynceus or Caenestheriella. We compared the Lynceus species found in the road pools with the
species described by Royan & Alfred (1971), Battish (1981) and Balaraman
& Nayar (2004), but the characters, (e.g., overall size and colour of the
animal, possession of a characteristic row of serrations on the postero-ventral
margin of the shell; see Image 3E), as described by Royan & Alfred (1971),
Battish (1981) and Balaraman & Nayar (2004) were not seen in these
specimens of Lynceus. Other characters, such as general head shape, 1st and 2ndantennae, telson and number of legs, were also compared. No reliable data or
descriptions of Caenestheriella species in India could be found.
Discussion
The genus Leptestheriella is Gondwanan in
distribution and hence is found in Africa, India, etc. Lynceus, on the other hand, is a
cosmopolitan genus (Brendonck et al. 2008).
In the past, coexistence of
large branchiopod species was considered rare (Weise 1964). Since then, many studies have shown
that, even within the different groups of large branchiopods, coexistence is
not uncommon (Maeda-Martinez et al. 1997). Maeda-Martinez et al.(1997) further
summarised all potential factors facilitating large branchiopod coexistence and
divided them into three categories: (i) habitat factors, (ii) species factors
and (iii) historic factors. The
Alandi road pools had an assemblage of all the three types of non-cladoceran
branchiopods. Caenestheriella and Lynceus species of clam shrimps were seen
co-existing in the road pools at the same time. Such coexistence of similar species may, at least partly, be
accomplished through niche segregation, allowing species to partition resources
in space or time (Begon et al. 1996). The university pond supported only the species from the family
Leptestheriidae.
Biodiversity
and ecological work on the Indian clam shrimps has been conducted in selected
areas in India. Several studies have been focused on Kerala (Nair 1965; Nayar
& Nair 1968; Royan & Alfred 1971; Balaraman & Nayar 2004). Baird (1860) worked on the clam shrimps from Nagpur
area. Gurney (1906) worked in
Bengal. Battish (1981) has worked
on Branchiopods in the Punjab region. Most of the type localities of Indian clam shrimps are from southern
India, Rajasthan and northeastern India, except for Eulimnadia compressa and Cyclestheria hislopi described by Baird from
Nagpur (Prasad & Simhachalam 2009). There have been no detailed reports, as of yet, on the presence of clam
shrimps from the Sahyadris (Western Ghats). Three species have been reported from Pune, Maharashtra
(Ghate et al. 2003) though the report lacks any detailed description of the
organisms or a habitat description. Another major problem is the absence of reference specimens for
comparisons and the lack of reliable literature for study. The camera lucida drawings given by the
Indian authors are also inadequate for identification to up to species. Literature on faunistic approaches for
clam shrimps in India is completely absent.
Brendonck
et al. (2008) have said that though clam shrimps have a worldwide distribution,
they have not been studied extensively. He has stated that there are nearly 116 species of clam shrimps in the
world. Prasad & Simhachalam
(2009) has reported 35 species of clam shrimps from India, in which he has
stated that there is high endemism: 32 of these species are known only from
India. Maharashtra State has not
been faunastically surveyed for temporary water habitats, and it is our attempt
to start this by first looking at habitats from Pune City.
There
is a need to save temporary pool habitats from various human activities since
they harbour many unique species of branchiopods (Witham et al. 1998). Human
activities have deteriorated temporary pool habitats around the world. In developing countries no data as such
are available but the conditions are likely to be the same due to rampant use
of pesticides, land use and other activities (Brendonck & Williams 2000;
Brendonck et al. 2008). Hatching
of eggs in branchiopods depends on various environmental conditions (Brendonck
1996; Brendonck & De Meester 2003), such as temperature and salinity. These parameters are important as they
play a vital role in the growth and reproduction of the branchiopods in that
particular habitat (Brendonck 1996; Brendonck et al. 2008; Spencer &
Blaustein 2001). Due to lack of
knowledge about such habitats and the endemism seen in clam shrimps in India,
study and conservation of such habitats becomes very important. The pond on Alandi road is subject to
organic pollution and dumping of garbage. The University pond, on the other hand, is less threatened as it falls
in the University of Pune campus. There is a different problem for Pune University pond though, as guppy
fish have been introduced many times into the pond for mosquito control, which
poses a threat to the clam shrimps. Effects of this fish on reproduction of
frogs in this pond have already been published (Ghate & Padhye 1988). The current study is the initial phase
in the total survey of habitats for temporary pools in the region and its
biodiversity and ecology. Many
habitats within the region are being destroyed for real estate development and
this activity is spreading very fast. Hence further studies will definitely help our understanding of clam
shrimp biodiversity and ecology from this part of Western Ghats, and hopefully
will enable something concrete to be done about their conservation.
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