A new population record and
conservation assessment of the Santa Marta Poison Arrow Frog Colostethus
ruthveni Kaplan, 1997 (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
José F.
González-Maya1, Mauricio González2, Diego Zárrate-Charry3,
Fidela Charry4, Amancay A. Cepeda5 & Sergio A.
Balaguera-Reina6
1,2,3,4Centro de
Desarrollo Sostenible Námaku, Minca, Magdalena, Colombia.
1,2,3,4 5,6 Proyecto de Conservación de Aguas y
Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional, Calle 15 # 5 - 62, El Rodadero, Santa
Marta, Colombia.
Email: 1 jfgonzalez-maya@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 emgonzalez@procat-conservation.org,3 dzarrate@procat-conservation.org, 4 fcharry@procat-conservation.org,5 acepeda@procat-conservation.org, 6 sbalaguera@procat-conservation.org
Date of
publication (online): 26 March 2011
Date of
publication (print): 26 March 2011
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Mirco Solé
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2513
Received 21 July 2010
Final received 09 January 2011
Finally accepted 25 February
2011
Citation: González-Maya, J.F., M. González,D. Zárrate-Charry, F. Charry, A.A. Cepeda & S.A.
Balaguera-Reina (2011). A new population record and conservation
assessment of the Santa Marta Poison Arrow Frog Colostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997
(Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, Colombia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(3):
1633-1636.
Copyright: © José F. González-Maya, Mauricio
González, Diego Zárrate-Charry, Fidela Charry, AmancayA. Cepeda & Sergio A. Balaguera-Reina 2011. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use
of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Acknowledgements:We would like to thank David Zárrate and Neftali
Zapata for their support; Cristian Cruz, Luisa Larrotta, Alexandra Pineda,
Adriana Acero and Ronald Castellanos for their participation in the I Námaku
expedition; and Professor Renjifo for his assistance.
For figure, image --
click here
Colombia
is considered among the countries with the highest levels of amphibian species
richness (Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2004), but it is also one of the countries
with the greatest risks to its biodiversity in general (Sisk et al. 1994;
Brooks et al. 2002). Poison arrow
or poison dart frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae), are tropical species restricted to
the New World and are represented globally by 12 genera with 174 species (Frost
2010), 66 of which (9 genera) are recorded in Colombia (IUCN 2010). The genus Colostethus (dart frogs) is one of the largest
genera in the family, represented by 21 species globally, 17 of them occurring
in the country (IUCN 2010).
Thirty
percent of all amphibian species of the country (213 species) are considered to
be in a threat category as defined by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
(IUCN 2010), 17 of them within the Dendrobatidae family and two in the genus Colostethus, with a major concentration of
threatened species in the Andean region (IUCN 2010).
Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) is an isolated mountain range located north of the
Andes in the Caribbean region of Colombia. It has a high concentration of endemic species,consistent with the Pleistocene refuges theory which invokes fragmentation of
ranges and temporal isolation allowing speciation to occur (Hernández-Camacho
et al. 1992). SNSM, with its
unique geographic location as the highest coastal mountain range in the world,
represents a critical ecoregion in terms of high endemic values (Carbonó 2001).
The
SNSM was established as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1979 (López-Londoño et al. 2008),
and classified as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA 36; BirdLife International
2003). It also includes several
Important Bird Areas (Franco et al. 2009), and possesses one Alliance for Zero
Extinction (AZE) site, since there are nine threatened species (six amphibians
and three birds) with ranges restricted to the area (Atelopus arsyecue, Atelopus laetissimus, Atelopus nahumae, Colostethus
ruthveni, Eleutherodactylus insignitus, Eleutherodactylus ruthveni, Campylopterus phainopeplus, Myiotheretes pernix and Pyrrhura
viridicata;
Ricketts et al. 2005).
Here we
report a new population of the Santa Marta Poison Arrow Frog Colostethus ruthveni, from Námaku private reserve in SNSM,
14km away from the actual extent of occurrence of the species, increasing the
number of known records and its current known distribution (Lynch et al.
2004). The species is considered
to be Endangered under criteria B1ab(iii) because it
is known from less than five locations and its extent of occurrence is less
than 5,000km2 (Lynch et al. 2004; Rueda-Solano &
Castellanos-Barliza 2010); however, even when it is not included in the
national threatened species list (Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2004), it has been
prioritized at national level during the Amphibian Ark Conservation Needs
Assessment workshop for Colombia held during November 2007 (Amphibian Ark
2007). C. ruthveni is known to occur in cloud and dry
forests from 680 to 1,540m above sea level between San Miguel and Don Diego
rivers (Lynch et al. 2004; Stuart et al. 2008), and more recently it has been
also found in dense forests near sea level in Tayrona National Natural Park
(TNNP; Rueda-Solano & Castellanos-Barliza 2010).
Námaku
Reserve (1106’44.47”N & 7408’43.27”W,
Fig. 1) is located on the southern slopes of the SNSM within Santa Marta
municipality, approximately 15km southeast from Santa Marta City, 4km southwest
from downtown Minca and 9km east from Simon Bolivar International Airport. The area is a private reserve located
between 737 and 923m above sea level with a mean annual precipitation of
2,000mm and a mean temperature ranging from 22.7 to 28.70C (Pérez-Preciado
1984; Tribin et al. 1999).
During
intensive wildlife surveys across the reserve between January and March 2010,
22 sightings of Colostethus
ruthveni were
obtained, always around creeks and river beds and
during daytime hours (0900 to 1600 hr; Image 1). The individuals were
identified based on the species description (Kaplan 1997) and expert
consultation. The
transect covered approximately 5.73km, with a total estimated abundance
of 3.83ind/km and mean survey abundance of 0.28 ± 0.09 ind/km. The substrate where all individuals
were found was rocky-sandy shores within the river beds,
usually near the margins of the river.
Currently
the species is known to occur inside two national protected areas (Tayrona NNP
and SNSM NNP; Rueda-Solano & Castellanos-Barliza 2010), and a private
reserve (El Dorado; ProAves 2006), so this new record represents another area
with full protection for the species and a refuge from the main threats
affecting its populations, such as habitat loss and degradation from
agricultural activities, logging, pollution and infrastructure development
(Cavelier et al. 1998; Lynch et al. 2004). However, the conservation of public protected areas requires
additional reinforcement, mainly the SNSM NNP, where several factors still
affect the area, including sociopolitical conflicts and jurisdictional
problems, representing a potential threat to habitats and to animal populations
in general (Zárrate-Charry et al. 2009). This report is a significant contribution to the current knowledge of
this important but threatened species in Colombia, mainly about its
distribution and habitat. The new
findings and the recent sightings by Rueda-Solano & Castellanos-Barliza
(2010) in Tayrona National Natural Park, provide new information about the
ecology, habitat and ecosystems where the species occurs, and extends the
current extent of occurrence by nearly 550km2 and increasing the
presence of the species to a new slope of the Sierra Nevada, suggesting the
potential presence of other populations across the region, and the possible
resilience to human impacts and in general a more widespread distribution. It also provides new insights for the
assessment of the species and helps set new goals for research in terms of
intensive and extensive surveys across the area to discover new populations and
provide new information regarding biology and natural history, and mainly
distribution.
Based on
the new records described herein, we propose that the assessment should include
a new number of locations, increasing from four to six known. According to this recent information,
we suggest the species to be downlisted into Vulnerable VU category criteria,
with a known extent of occurrence of approximately 920km2 (estimated
from a new extent of occurrence polygon including Lynch et al. 2004 and current
records). Based on the available
information, the species should be listed as VU B1ab(iii),
due to (B1) geographic range in the form of extent of occurrence estimated to
be less than 20,000km2, with (a) severely fragmented or known to
exist at no more than 10 locations and (b) continuing inferred decline in (iii)
area, extent and/or quality of habitat (IUCN 2001). If future information becomes available and the extent of
occurrence is significantly increased, the species can be downlisted as
previously stated.
Colostethus
ruthveni may
potentially become a conservation tool for the reserve and surroundings, since
currently the entire planning of the area is conducted by a local organization
where threatened and surrogate species are given significant importance. Research will be needed to better
understand this species’ biology and ecology in the area, in order to plan
strategic conservation actions to protect the species and its habitat in this
private protected area and several other parts of the region.
References
Amphibian
Ark (2007). Conservation
Needs Assessment Workshops. <https://aark.portal.isis.org/Lists/Prioritization
%20workshop%20results/AllItems.aspx>. On-line version dated 08 January 2011.
BirdLife International (2003). BirdLife’s
online World Bird Database: The Site for Bird Conservation. Version 2.0.
<http://www.birdlife.org>. Downloaded on 12 July 2010.
Brooks,
T., R. Mittermeier, C. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, A. Rylands, W. Konstant,
P. Flick, J. Pilgrim, S. Oldfield, G. Magin & C. Hilton-Taylor (2002). Habitat loss and
extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 16(4): 909–923.
Carbonó, E. (2001). Santa Marta montane
forests (NT0159).<http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0159_full.html>.
Downloaded on 12 October 2010.
Cavelier, J., T.M. Aide, C.
Santos, A.M. Eusse & J.M. Dupuy (1998). The savannization of
the moist forest in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Journal
of Biogeography 25:
901–912.
Franco, A.M., C. Devenish, M.C.
Barrero & M.H. Romero (2009).Colombia, pp 135–148. In: C. Devenish, D.F. Díaz Fernández, R.P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala (eds.) Important Bird Areas Americas—Priority
sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito,
Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16).
Frost,
D.R. (2010). Amphibian Species of the World:
an Online Reference.
Version 5.4. <http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia>. Online
version dated 8 April 2010.
IUCN (2001). IUCN
Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, ii+30pp.
IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2010.3.
<http://www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 September 2010.
Kaplan,
M. (1997). A
new species of Colostethus from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
(Colombia) with comments on intergeneric relationships within the
Dendrobatidae. Journal
of Herpetology31(3): 369–375.
López-Londoño, T., J.F. González-Maya,
D. Zárrate-Charry & S. Balaguera-Reina (2008). Biodiversity and
cultural conservation in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Colombia. Mountain
Forum Bulletin 8(2):
43–44.
Lynch,
J., M.P. Ramírez Pinilla, M. Osorno-Muñoz, J.V. Rueda, A. Amézquita & M.C.
Ardila-Robayo (2004). Colostethus
ruthveni. In:
IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 12 October 2010.
Pérez-Preciado, A. (1984). Aspectos climáticos
de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, pp. 33–44. In: Van Der Hammen,
T. & P. Ruiz-C (eds.). La
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Transecto Buritaca–La Cumbre. Estudios de
Ecosistemas Tropoandinos Vol. II. J. Cramer, Vaduz - Berlín - Stuttgart,
603pp.
ProAves (2006). Informe
Anual 2006. Fundación ProAves. Bogotá,
Colombia, 24pp.
Ricketts,
T.H., E. Dinerstein, T. Boucher, T.M. Brooks, S.H.M. Butchart, M. Hoffmann,
J.F. Lamoreux, J. Morrison, M. Parr, J.D. Pilgrim, A.S.L. Rodrigues, W.
Sechrest, G.E. Wallace, K. Gerlin, J. Bielby, N.D. Burgess, D.R. Church, N.
Cox, D. Knox, C. Loucks, G.W. Luck, L.L. Master, R. Moore, R. Naidoo, R.
Ridgely, G.E. Schatz, G. Shire, H. Strand, W. Wettengel & E. Wikramanayake
(2005). Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctions. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences - US51: 18497–18501.
Rueda-Solano, L.A. & J.
Castellanos-Barliza (2010).Herpetofauna de Neguanje, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, Caribe Colombiano. Acta
Biológica Colombiana15(1): 195–206.
Rueda-Almonacid,
J.V., J.D. Lynch & A. Amézquita (Eds.) (2004). Libro
Rojo de los Anfibios de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia. Conservación
Internacional Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales – Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. Bogotá
(Colombia).
Stuart,
S.N., M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P. Ramani & B.E.
Young (eds.) (2008). Threatened
Amphibians of the World.
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain; IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; and Conservation
International, Arlington, Virginia, USA, xv+758pp.
Sisk,
T.D., A.E. Launer, K.R. Switky & P.R. Ehrlich (1994). Identifying extinction threats. Bioscience44: 592–604.
Tribin,
M.C.D.G., G.E. Rodríguez-N & N. Valderrama (1999). The biosphere reserve of the Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta: A pioneer experience of a shared and coordinated
management of a bioregion. UNESCO. South Cooperation Programme Working paper No
130. Paris, 40pp.
Zárrate-Charry, D., J.F. González-Maya,
C. Jaramillo, C. Castaño-Uribe, A.M. Botero, S.A. Balaguera-Reina & A.A.
Cepeda (2009). Monitoreo
comunitario para la planificación de la conservación: unenfoque de especies bandera como herramientas culturales de conservación. Fundación Herencia
Ambiental Caribe-ProCAT Colombia. Santa Marta, 45pp.