Checklist of the fishes of the Achankovil forests,
Kerala, India with notes on the range extension of an endemic cyprinid Puntius chalakkudiensis
Fibin
Baby 1, Josin
Tharian 2, Siby
Philip 3, Anvar
Ali 4 & Rajeev
Raghavan 5
1,2,4,5 Conservation
Research Group (CRG), St. Albert’s College, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
2 Department
of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, St. John’s College, Anchal, Kerala
691306, India
3 Centro
Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, University of Porto,
Portugal
5 Durrell
Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and
Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
Email: 1 fibinaqua@gmail.com,2 josinc@gmail.com, 3 philipsiby@gmail.com, 4 anvaraliif@gmail.com,5 rajeevraq@hotmail.com (corresponding author)
Date of publication (online): 26
July 2011
Date of publication (print): 26
July 2011
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) |
0974-7893 (print)
Editor: K. Rema Devi
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2674
Received 12 January 2011
Final received 23 June 2011
Finally accepted 06 July 2011
Citation: Baby, F., J. Tharian, S. Philip, A. Ali & R.
Raghavan (2011). Checklist of the fishes of the Achankovil forests, Kerala,
India with notes on the range extension of an endemic cyprinid Puntius
chalakkudiensis. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(7): 1936–1941
Copyright: © Fibin Baby, Josin Tharian, Siby
Philip, Anvar Ali & Rajeev Raghavan 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium
for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: Funding for the study came from the
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Western Ghats Program through the
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bengaluru, India.
The authors thank the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Chief Wildlife
Warden, Government of Kerala for permits; Rateesh and Prasobh for their
assistance in the field, and M.R. Ramprasanth for his support in the
laboratory. Thanks are also due to Ralf Britz (British Museum of Natural
History, London) and Rema Devi (Zoological Survey of India, Chennai) for their
help during the examination of the types.
Abstract: We report the results of an
ichthyofaunal inventory carried out in the Achankovil Reserve Forest in the
southern Western Ghats as part of a Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Project
on lesser known freshwater fishes of Kerala . Forty-six species of freshwater
fish, belonging to 17 families and 31 genera were collected from 11 sites
inside the Achankovil Reserve Forest. Family Cyprinidae dominated with 21 species, followed by Bagridae,
Balitoridae and Channidae (three species each). Out of the 46 species, 14 were endemic to the Western Ghats,
three were endemic to Kerala region and one was exotic to the country. In this paper, we also report the range
extension of an endemic cyprinid, Puntius chalakkudiensis to the
Achankovil River and the Achankovil Reserve Forest. The fish diversity of this region is higher than many
protected areas within southern Western Ghats, and stresses the need for
immediate protection and monitoring programs.
Keywords: Achankovil forests, freshwater fish, Puntius
chalakkudiensis, range extension
This article
forms part of a special series on the Western Ghats of India, disseminating the
results of work supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a
joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation
International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the
MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental goal of CEPF is to
ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. Implementation of
the CEPF investment program in the Western Ghats is led and coordinated by the
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE).
For images, tables -- click here
Located in the Periyar-Agasthyamalai
corridor (CEPF 2007), the Achankovil Reserve Forests (ARF) (269km2),
comprising of dry deciduous, moist deciduous and evergreen forests is a
priority site for conservation in the southern Western Ghats (CEPF 2007). The area is bounded by Tamil Nadu State
in the east, Ranni forest division in the northeast, Konni forest division in
the west, Punalur forest division in the southwest, and Thenmala forest
division in the south (Hosagoudar et al. 2010). Achankovil RF is drained by the river Achankovil and its
major tributaries Kanayar, Kallar, Chittar and Kakkadyaar. Preliminary studies have revealed that
this region harbours around 96 species of birds, 13 species of mammals, 12
species of reptiles and four species of amphibians (Kalesh et al. 2010).
Although a few studies are available on
the fish diversity of Achankovil River system (Varghese 1994; Swapna 2009),
micro-level species distribution data are restricted to sites in the midland
and lowland areas. To the best of
our knowledge, there is detailed information on the ichthyodiversity of only
one location inside the Achankovil forests i.e. Achankovil (Varghese 1994).
As part of a larger project that is aimed
at generating baseline data on the fish fauna of lesser known areas in the
southern Western Ghats (CEPF-ATREE 2010), we carried out an ichthyofaunal
inventory at various sites inside the ARF, at multiple intervals in 2010. This contribution provides a checklist
of the freshwater fish fauna of this region, with notes on the range extension
of an endemic species Puntius chalakkudiensis.
Taking into consideration, the costs and
logistics, we used a rapid assessment approach (Abd et al. 2009). Dawn (0500–0800 hr), daytime
(0800–1730 hr), dusk (1730–1930 hr) and night (1930–0500 hr)
sampling were carried out at 11 sites in the various tributaries draining the
Achankovil forests (Image 1 and Table 1). Although electrofishing (using a backpack electroshocker) was the
primary technique used for fish collection, we also employed a diverse array of
active as well as passive gear including cast net, scoop net, drag net, gill
net and traps. This was because of
the fact that electrofishing is considered to be the most effective sampling
method for stream fishes, especially when sampling species that are at risk
(Poos et al. 2007). The other
gears were used so as to avoid sampling bias in specific habitats (for example,
torrential stream reaches and large cascades) where electrofishing was not
possible. The use of an
electroshocker also meant that we only collected the minimum number of
specimens as required for our study (especially threatened and restricted range
endemics). Species level
identification was carried out following Jayaram (1999) and Talwar & Jhingran
(1991) and species names adhere to the CAS—Catalog of Fishes (Eschemeyer
2010).
Forty-six species (S=46) belonging to 17
families and 31 genera were collected from various sites inside the ARF (Table
2). Family Cyprinidae dominated
with 21 species (S=21) followed by Bagridae (S=3), Balitoridae (S=3) and
Channidae (S=3). Out of the 46
species, 14 are endemic to the Western Ghats, of which three species (Garra surendranathanii, Laubuca fasciata and Puntius chalakkudiensis) are endemic to the Kerala region. One species (Oreochromis mossambicus) is exotic to the country.
Swapna (2009) recorded 52 species
including 39 typical freshwater and three typical marine fish species from four
sites spread across the upstream-downstream gradient of river Achankovil, while
Varghese (1994) recorded 64 species from the Achankovil drainage, including a
dozen marine and brackish water forms. Surprisingly, Neelakandan et al. (2006) indicated that only 10 fish
species are found in the Achankovil river basin. Our results of the occurrence of 46 species inside the ARF
could only mean that the overall ichthyodiversity of the Achankovil river
system is much more than what has been recorded by earlier workers including
Swapna (2009) and Varghese (1994).
Within the ARF, two sites, Mukkada and
Kadakkola had the highest species richness with the presence of 30 and 24
species respectively, while the lowest richness of nine species was found at
Manalar. Johnson & Arunachalam
(2009) recorded 17 species from a site which they named as Achankovil (with the
coordinates 9010’12”N & 76050’28”E
/ 9.17N & 76.481E). However, this site (according to the
Survey of India Toposheet 58C 16 and 58G 4, Scale 1:50,000 and Google Earth)
falls far from Achankovil town (and also out of the Achankovil RF). Therefore, we have not compared the
fish diversity of Achankovil town obtained in our study with that of Johnson
& Arunachalam (2009).
The presence of the alien invasive Oreochromis mossambicus at Mukkada, the site with the highest
species richness, is a plausible threat to the endemic species of the
region. Taking
into consideration the trophic status of O. mossambicus, we believe that an
immediate threat to a native species would be to the orange chromide Etroplus maculatus, a sizeable population
of which occurs at Mukkada. An
important native ornamental fish, as well as a popular food fish with low
income groups, E. maculatusshares more or less the same resources as that of O. mossambicus and so the
proliferation of the former will invariably harm the native stocks of the
orange chromide (Raghavan et al. 2008a).
The present study has also resulted in the
range extension of an endemic fish species of Kerala, P. chalakkudiensis (Image 2) to the ARF (and the Achankovil river
system). Puntius chalakkudiensis, a
look alike of the popular aquarium fish, P. denisonii was previously thought to be endemic to
the Chalakudy River (Menon et al. 1999; Kurup et al. 2004). Our surveys in
Achankovil RF indicated that the streams harbour good populations of P. chalakkudiensis, which are consumed as a food fish by the
local tribes. We recorded more
than 380 individuals of P. chalakkudiensisover a one year period (2009–2010) from two sites, Mukkada and Kadakkola
as part of another study on the population status of this species in the
Achankovil River. All individuals
were collected using a backpack electroshocker and were released after taking
the length and weight. We also
compared in detail 10 specimens (40–104 mm SL) of P. chalakkudiensis from Achankovil, to those collected by us
from the type locality of the species (Athirapally in Chalakudy River) and
currently stored at the Museum of the Department of Aquaculture, St. Albert’s
College, Kochi, India (CRG-SAC-897.1 and 897.2) and found that all of them matched
the original description of P. chalakkudiensis(Menon et al. 1999), in its morphology, including the distinct black blotch on
the dorsal fin and inferior mouth. The specimens of P. denisoniirecorded from Achankovil were also compared to the type material of P. denisonii at the British Museum of Natural History,
London (BMNH 1864.7.9.6 and BMNH 1866.5.2.211).
Many authors including Kurup et al.
(2004), Johnson & Arunachalam (2009) and Swapna (2009) have recorded only P. denisonii from Achankovil River. However, our study
has revealed that both P. denisoniiand P.
chalakkudiensisare found in the Achankovil River and that they co-exist in the same habitat.
We collected one specimen of a sisorid
catfish that resembled Glyptothorax anamalaiensis in its appearance but had some minor
differences. The biometrics of
this specimen was compared with that of another specimen of G. anamalaiensis collected from the Anamalai Hills near
Valparai and deposited at the Museum of the Conservation Research Group, St.
Albert’s College, Kochi (CRG-SAC 167). As a comprehensive and reliable taxonomical key is not available for the
species within the genus Glyptothoraxfound in the Western Ghats, we have retained the species as Glyptothorax cf. anamalaiensis in the current checklist, and it is being
subjected to detailed taxonomical investigation.
Kalesh et al. (2010) observed that the
major threats to the Achankovil RF are logging for softwood industry,
harvesting of endemic reeds and indiscriminate fishing. We found that dynamiting is one of the
major threats to the fishes of the ARF. Members of the local community residing in the settlements in and around
Achankovil visit the deep pools in and around Mukkada and Kadakkola, as well as
various other locations in the Kallar tributary to catch fish using dynamite
purchased from quarries. Dynamite
fishing has been documented from the southern WG since the early 1940s (Jones
1946) and continues to be one of the most widely used destructive fishing
techniques practiced in the region (Kurup et al. 2004; Raghavan et al.
2008b). Although dynamite fishing
has been banned vide the Travancore Cochin Fisheries Act of 1950 (Government of
Kerala, India) there is very little or no enforcement from the concerned
authorities, and the practice continues to exist even inside reserve forests
and protected areas of the region.
The fact that the fish diversity of
Achankovil RF (S=46) is higher than many protected areas in the region
including the Neyyar (S=38) and Idukki (S=40) wildlife sanctuaries (Thomas et
al. 2000) stresses the need for increased protection and monitoring programs in
this area. The Western Ghats
Ecosystem Profile prepared as part of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
Program (CEPF 2007) suggested that ARF is a site that warrants immediate
attention in terms of setting up mechanisms for their incorporation into the
protected area network. Our results on the fish fauna of the region further
confirm this need.
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