Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2026 | 18(1): 28223–28234
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10168.18.1.28223-28234
#10168 | Received 18 September 2025 | Final received 30 December 2025 |
Finally accepted 09 January 2026
Historical records of the Jaguar Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia:
Carnivora: Felidae) in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil
Jackson Fábio Preuss 1 & Pedro Henrique Amancio Padilha 2
1 Wildlife Studies Center (NEVS),
University of the West of Santa Catarina (UNOESC), São Miguel do Oeste,
89900-000, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
2 University of the Educational
Society of Santa Catarina (UNISOCIESC), Joinville, 89206-101, State of Santa
Catarina, Brazil.
1 jackson_preuss@yahoo.com.br
(corresponding author), 2 pedroamancio2002@gmail.com
Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network, Germany. Date of publication: 26 January
2026 (online & print)
Citation:
Preuss, J.F. & P.H.A. Padilha (2026). Historical records of the
Jaguar Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in
the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(1): 28223–28234. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10168.18.1.28223-28234
Copyright: © Preuss & Padilha 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: This study did not receive specific funding from any
external agency.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Jackson Fábio Preuss is a biologist, professor, and researcher at the Universidade do Oeste
de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Brazil. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Biological
Sciences, a master’s degree in environmental sciences with emphasis on
biodiversity and sustainability, and a PhD in biology with
specialization in wildlife diversity and management. His research focuses on
wildlife conservation, biodiversity, and ecosystem health in tropical
environments. He leads the Wildlife Studies Center (Núcleo de Estudos em Vida
Selvagem - NEVS) at UNOESC, has served as an ad hoc expert for the
Environmental Military Police of Santa Catarina since 2010, and is actively
involved in environmental advisory boards and science communication initiatives
related to biodiversity conservation. Pedro Henrique Amancio Padilha is a veterinary medicine student at the Universidade Sociedade
Educacional de Santa Catarina (UNISOCIESC), Brazil. Presently, he is the vice-president of the Wild Animal Studies Group (Grupo de Estudos de Animais
Silvestres - GEAS) at UNISOCIESC university, having
worked with exotic pets and wild animals at clinics and rehabilitation centers.
Author contributions: JFP: conception of the study; collection and analysis of historical
records; photographic survey; preparation of maps
and figures; drafting and final revision of the manuscript. PHAP: collection
and organization of historical records; photographic survey; preparation of
maps and figures; contribution to the drafting and revision of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We thank all individuals and institutions who contributed decisively to
the completion of this study by providing access to historical information,
photographic material, and museum records of Jaguars in Santa Catarina. We are
especially grateful to the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional; Museu
Frei Miguel; Museu Almiro Theobaldo Müller; Fundação e Casa da Cultura; and the
newspaper A Notícia for granting access to archival and museum collections. We
also thank Ligmar Raeder, Walter Neves, Maria Vizentainer, the Ross family, Alfredo Kath, Lauro Steffen, the Biazzi family, Adilson
José Brugnara, Orquiso Rei de Oliveira and the Goelzer family for sharing
valuable information and personal collections. Their assistance in locating,
documenting, and interpreting historical records was fundamental for
the development of this work.
Keywords: Geographic distribution, hotographic
records, Itajaí Valley, north-east, west of Santa Catarina.
The
Jaguar Panthera onca is the largest felid in the Americas and the third
largest in the world (Seymour 1989). As a top predator, it plays a key
ecological role in maintaining ecosystem balance by regulating prey populations
(Dalerum et al. 2008). Despite its ecological importance and cultural
relevance, it faces persistent conservation challenges, largely driven by
conflicts with humans (Hofstatter & Oliveira 2020).
Over
the last century, the Jaguar has disappeared from extensive portions of its
historical range (Sanderson et al. 2002). Historically distributed from the
southern United States to northern Argentina, it now occurs in roughly half of
its original range, having undergone an estimated 49% population decline over
the past 50 years (Seymour 1989; Sanderson et al. 2002; Zeller 2007). The
Jaguar is extinct in El Salvador, the United States, and Uruguay, with
remaining populations occurring from northern Mexico to northern Argentina
(Quigley et al. 2017). It is currently listed as ‘Near Threatened’ on the IUCN
Red List (Quigley et al. 2017) and as Vulnerable in the Brazilian Red List
(Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2022).
In
Brazil, the Jaguar occurs across all major biomes except the Pampas, where the
last known individual was killed in 1952, resulting in the species’ extirpation
in that region (Peters et al. 2016; Morato et al. 2018). The most viable
Brazilian populations today persist in the Pantanal and the Amazon (Silveira
& Crawshaw 2008; Cavalcanti et al. 2012; Oliveira et al. 2012). In
contrast, the Atlantic Forest, one of the world’s most threatened biomes,
retains approximately 11% of its original cover (Ribeiro et al. 2009). And only
10.32% of its landscape is considered to provide suitable habitat for the
Jaguar. In this biome, it is classified as Endangered, with an effective
population size estimated at fewer than 250 individuals (Ferraz et al. 2012;
Morato et al. 2013).
Multiple
anthropogenic pressures have contributed to the Jaguar’s decline in Brazil
since the early 1900s, including habitat loss caused by logging, agricultural
expansion, and urbanisation (Morato et al. 2016), poaching, retaliatory killing
following livestock predation (Hoogesteijn et al. 1993; Nowell & Jackson
1996), reductions in prey availability (Foster et al. 2016), and broader
human-wildlife negative interactions (Murray et al. 1999; Zimmermann et al.
2005; Zeller 2007). These stressors, combined with ecological disruption and
increased exposure to pathogens, pose additional risks to already vulnerable
populations (Murray et al. 1999; Furtado & Filoni 2008).
In the
state of Santa Catarina, historical records of the Jaguar are scarce. Cherem et
al. (2004) documented records in Brusque, Blumenau, Urubici, Campo Alegre, and
Joinville. The last known records from the southernmost portion of the Atlantic
Forest date between the 1960s and the 1990s (Mazzolli 2008). More recently,
Fusco-Costa et al. (2022), based on extensive surveys in the Serra do Mar
region of southern Brazil, expanded the modelled Jaguar range in the Atlantic
Forest by 9% and suggested that forested areas in Santa Catarina may represent
potential habitat. Nevertheless, its actual presence in the state remains
uncertain, relying primarily on sporadic, unconfirmed observations in forest
remnants of the Upper Itajaí Valley and Araucárias National Park. Many of these
assumptions stem from records near the Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul borders,
reinforcing the hypothesis that the Jaguar may have become extinct in Santa
Catarina due to habitat loss and intensive hunting. The most recent threatened
species list for Santa Catarina categorizes the Jaguar as Critically Endangered
in the state (FATMA 2011).
Understanding
Jaguar occurrence in Santa Catarina requires a comprehensive evaluation of
historical evidence. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compile and
review historical photographic records of the Jaguar to clarify its past
distribution and assess factors that may have contributed to its decline and
possible extirpation in the state.
The
state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil (Figure 1) has an approximate area
of 95,730 km² (IBGE 2024). Santa Catarina’s topography is characterized by a
diversified relief, with elevated plateaus in the inland and a narrow coastal
plain in the east. The western region is marked by hilly terrains and the
presence of the Serra Geral Mountain Range, which influences the state’s
climatic dynamics. These mountainous formations act as natural barriers,
regulating airflow distribution and affecting precipitation patterns (Vibrans
et al. 2010, 2012). Thus, the most elevated areas register the lowest
temperatures and frequent rainfall, whereas the coast, influenced by the
Atlantic Ocean humidity, presents a mild and humid climate throughout the year
(Alvares et al. 2013). The elevation gradient also reflects in the vegetation,
with tropical and subtropical forests in the lowlands, and Araucaria
formations in the plateaus and highlands (Klein 1978; Vibrans et al. 2010,
2012).
We
searched for historical photographs in non-indexed online newspapers and museum
collections, and analysed personal reports followed by photos. After that, we
elaborated a survey of Jaguars known to have been photographed or killed in the
state of Santa Catarina.
The
capture of a Jaguar in the state of Santa Catarina was frequently reported by
many media outlets and shared as an attraction for long periods, thus helping
our assessment. We found that the most useful words of search are: “Onça”,
“Onça-pintada” (Jaguar), and “Tigre” (Tiger).
We only
included Jaguars photographed in the state and omitted reports of individuals
without photographic proof, animals possibly sighted, or rumours that they were
wandering through the state, or any implausible records. When two or more
records may cover the same individual, we adopted a conservative approach and
counted both as a single record. For the historical records, we used the best
available data and registered the location of these Jaguars in Figure 1 and
Table 1. When mapping the individuals, we used the location and date of the
photographs with a location on the map. We recognize the limitations associated
with newspaper reports, verbal testimonies, and other unverified sources.
However, we assert that the reports presented here constitute the most complete
available survey about the historically documented presence of the Jaguar in the
state of Santa Catarina.
All
historical records were georeferenced based on the localities described in the
primary sources, i.e., photographs, newspapers, and personal accounts. For
rural sites or historical place names, we used current administrative boundaries
and toponyms to approximate locations. Coordinates were obtained using Google
Earth Pro. Because many sources lack precise spatial detail, we estimated an
uncertainty range of 1–20 km for each coordinate. These uncertainty levels were
considered when interpreting spatial patterns, avoiding over-interpretation of
fine-scale distribution.
In total, we documented 16 photographic records of
the Jaguar in the state of Santa Catarina between 1866 and 1984 (Table 1,
Images 1–6), most of which have not been published in scientific journals. The
historical records available indicate that the Jaguar was widely distributed
across the state, with documented evidence throughout the 20th Century.
In the extreme west and west of Santa Catarina, nine
occurrences were registered (56.25% of all). In the Itajaí Valley and northern
plateau, four records were documented (25%). In the north-east, two records
were identified (12.5%), and in the highlands, there was only one confirmed
record (6.25%).
Of the 16 documented photographic records, 13 (81.25% of
all) refer to hunted animals, while only three (18.75%) present captured
individuals. Our dataset indicates for the first time that a Jaguar was shot in
1984 in the town Campo Erê (Image 6), located in the extreme west, close to the
border with Paraná State. This record represents the most recent documentation
in the state, updating the previously available data.
Historical records have long been used to describe the
distribution of mammals, especially in regions where contemporary ecological
data are scarce or absent (Tyler & Anderson 1990; Timm et al. 1997; Aubry
et al. 2007; Díaz 2010; Babb et al. 2022). In Santa Catarina, however,
determining these records presents substantial challenges due to the lack of
consistent historical documentation. Similar difficulties were highlighted by
Babb et al. (2022) in Arizona, where the absence of systematic registers and
inconsistencies in sources compromised the reconstruction of temporal
distribution patterns.
This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that much of
the information concerning the Jaguar in Santa Catarina is dispersed across
non-indexed documents, oral accounts, and journalistic records. These
limitations reinforce the relevance of integrating different types of
historical evidence to improve understanding of the species’ past distribution
in the state.
Despite these difficulties, the data gathered suggest
that the Jaguar once had a broad distribution in Santa Catarina. However,
estimating its actual area of occupation with precision remains difficult not
only because of gaps and inconsistencies in the documentation (Babb et al.
2022), but also due to intrinsic biological characteristics that hinder
detection. The Jaguar is a solitary animal with large home ranges and a
naturally low population density (Sanderson et al. 2002; Silver et al. 2004),
making both historical and contemporary assessments of distribution inherently
challenging.
The relatively high number of Jaguars shot in Santa
Catarina over the decades demonstrates that hunting has been a recurrent
practice in the state. This pattern converges with global evidence indicating
that direct persecution is one of the main factors responsible for the decline
of large carnivore populations (Ripple et al. 2014). Although the state of
Santa Catarina lacks quantitative historical datasets on hunting pressure or
prey abundance, the predominance of hunted specimens among the available
photographic records strongly suggests that direct persecution played a central
role in the Jaguar’s decline. This qualitative pattern is consistent with
trends documented, where hunting intensity has been identified as a major
predictor of local extirpations (Gittleman et al. 2001; Mazzolli 2008; Nyhus
2016; Paviolo et al. 2016; Franco et al. 2018; Teixeira et al. 2023; Thompson
et al. 2023). The combined effects of predatory hunting, retaliatory killing,
and recreational hunting for trophies (Franco et al. 2018; Thompson et al.
2023) likely accelerated the disappearance of the Jaguar in Santa Catarina.
Beyond commercial and recreational motivations,
human-wildlife negative interactions also played a substantial role.
Competition for prey, aggravated by ecological imbalance and resource scarcity,
often forced Jaguars into anthropogenic areas, resulting in predation on
livestock and consequent retaliatory killing by farmers (Peters et al. 2016;
Romero-Muñoz et al. 2019). Even though Jaguar meat is not traditionally
consumed and is considered “disgusting” by some traditional communities
(Fonseca et al. 2006), retaliatory hunting is widely documented in response to
livestock depredation (Marchini & Macdonald 2012).
Cultural perceptions additionally contributed to the
Jaguar’s decline. Since early colonisation, the Jaguar has occupied a symbolic
place of fear in the popular imagination, associated with risks to human life
(Adams 2012). Although attacks on humans are rare, they amplify fear and
negative attitudes (Dickman 2010; Kelly 2019), often justifying preemptive
killing (Neto et al. 2011; Iserson & Francis 2015; Jędrzejewski et al.
2017). Fear-driven persecution is considered one of the major threats to large
carnivore populations in Brazil (Inskip & Zimmermann 2009; ICMBio 2013), and has historically contributed to the decline of the
Jaguar in Santa Catarina.
Habitat loss and fragmentation represent critical
factors in the decline of Jaguar populations. The species depends on large,
well-connected forest remnants and abundant prey to persist (Cullen et al.
2005; De Angelo et al. 2011). Fragmentation reduces connectivity between
habitat patches (Sanderson et al. 2002; Zeller 2007; Galetti et al. 2013; Knox
et al. 2019; Romero-Muñoz et al. 2019), leading to rapid reductions in Jaguar
occupancy.
In Santa Catarina, historical forest loss and extensive
habitat fragmentation (Astete et al. 2008; Rocha et al. 2023) likely undermined
the ecological conditions required to sustain viable Jaguar populations,
contributing to the marked depletion of key native prey species such as
White-lipped Peccary Tayassu pecari, Collared Peccary Dicotyles
tajacu, and Lowland Tapir Tapirus terrestris. The disappearance of
these taxa, primarily due to poaching (Mazzolli 2008; Keuroghlian et al. 2012;
Whitworth et al. 2022), may have played a decisive role in the Jaguar’s
extirpation. Reduced prey availability is known to elevate extinction risk for
large predators, particularly in fragmented landscapes where recolonisation is
limited (Karanth & Chellam 2009; Foster et al. 2016). In contrast, Jaguar
populations persisting elsewhere in Brazil and Central America occur in regions
with substantially greater prey abundance, reflected in markedly higher
population densities, e.g., 6.7 individuals per 100 km² in the Pantanal
(Soisalo & Cavalcanti 2006), 17.9 individuals per 100 km² in the Amazon (Ramalho
2012), and 4.6–8.8 individuals per 100 km² in Mexico and Belize (Silver et al.
2004; Torre & Medellín 2011). Even within the Atlantic Forest, regions such
as Vale Natural Reserve support Jaguars largely because native prey assemblages
remain relatively intact (Facure & Giaretta 1996; Galetti et al. 2009;
Srbek-Araujo & Chiarello 2016).
Understanding the Jaguar’s disappearance also requires
considering the broader regional context of the Atlantic Forest. Across this
biome, fewer than 300 Jaguars remain, distributed in small, isolated, and
highly vulnerable subpopulations (Paviolo et al. 2016). Within this already
precarious scenario, the southern portion of the Atlantic Forest stands out for
exhibiting the most severe levels of contraction of the Jaguar range.
When compared with its neighbouring southern states,
Santa Catarina presents the scarcest confirmed records of Jaguar occurrence.
While Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul still retain recent or occasional
confirmations of the species (Kasper et al. 2015; ICMBio 2020; Morato et al.
2023; Marcuzzo et al. 2025), the last verified record in Santa Catarina dates
to 1984, with no subsequent evidence of persistence. Since that record, no
confirmed occurrences have been documented despite increasing research effort
in the region. More recently, the surroundings of the 1984 record in Campo Erê
have been the focus of some ongoing and unpublished wildlife monitoring
initiatives, including camera trap surveys conducted by the first author, as
well as informal surveys based on transect walks and interviews with forestry
professionals, long-term residents, and biologists working in the area (forest
engineer Rafael Link pers. comm. 10.xii.2024; biologist Augusto Finco pers.
comm. 14.vi.2025; local residents Vilmar Tonatto pers. comm. 11.vi.2025, and
Benhur Tonatto pers. comm. 16.xii.2025). These combined sources have not
yielded any verifiable evidence of Jaguar presence to date. This temporal and
evidential contrast suggests that Jaguar populations declined earlier and more
abruptly in Santa Catarina, culminating in local extirpation, whereas remnant
populations persisted in adjacent states. This pattern likely reflects a
combination of accelerated habitat conversion, collapse of prey populations,
and intense persecution throughout the 20th Century.
In Paraná, although the Jaguar is classified as
Critically Endangered, it persists in two forested nuclei: the Serra do Mar
region and the Upper Paraná-Misiones Green Corridor, both of which have yielded
confirmed records since 2016 (Casanova & Bernardo 2017; Nagy-Reis et al.
2020; Subirá et al. 2024). Recent population estimates derived from the 2020
Jaguar Census indicate that the broader bi-national Green Corridor supports an
average of 93 individuals with a range of 73–122, representing the largest
remaining Jaguar subpopulation in the Atlantic Forest (Paviolo et al. 2008;
Subirá et al. 2024). Within the Brazilian portion, 19–33 Jaguars are estimated
to be present in an area of 1,852.6 km2 in Iguaçu National Park and
surroundings (ICMBio 2020; Freitas 2021). The situation is even more critical
in Rio Grande do Sul, where fewer than five individuals are thought to remain,
all of them restricted to Turvo State Park, the last known area of its
occurrence in the northeastern portion of the state (Paviolo et al. 2006;
Kasper 2007; Kasper et al. 2015; Marcuzzo et al. 2025).
In contrast, Santa Catarina shows a complete absence of
confirmed records for over four decades, reinforcing the interpretation that
the Jaguar disappeared in the state earlier than in Paraná and Rio Grande do
Sul. The 1984 record in Campo Erê updates previous knowledge, surpassing the
last record cited by Mazzoli (2008) in Urubici in 1972, and reveals a pattern
in which the final occurrences were concentrated near state borders and in
regions with a lower human population density. Such spatial clustering suggests
that human expansion and fragmentation may have accelerated range contraction,
a trend consistent with broader patterns described for the Jaguar across South
America (Chávez et al. 2016; Pereira-Garbero 2016).
Finally, distribution models indicate that parts of
Santa Catarina retain potential connectivity with ecological corridors
extending to Argentina (Rabinowitz & Zeller 2010). This reinforces the
hypothesis proposed by Fusco-Costa et al. (2022), according to which certain
forest remnants in the state may function as occasional passage zones or
receive sporadic dispersers from neighbouring regions. Whether such movements
still occur needs to be figured out in dedicated surveys.
Although the lack of recent confirmed records strongly
supports the hypothesis of local extirpation, the absence of detection does not
necessarily imply true absence. Modern survey techniques, such as large-scale
camera trapping, environmental DNA, could reveal whether individuals still
disperse into Santa Catarina from neighbouring areas. Integrating such
approaches in future research may help clarify whether the Jaguar is
definitively extinct or simply undetected at extremely low densities.
Table 1. Confirmed historical records of the Jaguar Panthera
onca in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, between 1866 and 1984.
|
Year |
Locality |
Approximate coordinates |
Type of record |
Primary source of photograph |
|
1866 |
Joinville |
−26.304760, −48.845871 |
Killed |
Fundação
Biblioteca Nacional |
|
1905 |
Corupá |
−26.426010, −49.243450 |
Killed |
Ligmar
Raeder |
|
1916 |
Blumenau |
-26.916578, -49.071732 |
Captured |
Museu
Frei Miguel |
|
1930 |
Itapiranga |
−27.167940, −53.712952 |
Killed |
Museu
Almiro Theobaldo Müller |
|
1938 |
Fraiburgo |
−27.023319, −50.921928 |
Killed |
Walter
Neves |
|
1944 |
Taió |
−27.115748, −49.994181 |
Killed |
Maria
Vizentainer |
|
1952 |
Sul
Brasil |
−26.741123, −52.969914 |
Killed |
Ross
family |
|
1953 |
Blumenau |
−26.916578, −49.071732 |
Killed |
Alfredo
Kath |
|
1954 |
Guaraciaba |
−26.597978, −53.521480 |
Captured |
Lauro
Steffen |
|
1955 |
Paraíso |
−26.619028, −53.673220 |
Killed |
Biazzi
family |
|
1960 |
Anchieta |
−26.536889, −53.331465 |
Killed |
Piccoli
family |
|
1960 |
Itapiranga |
−27.167940, −53.712952 |
Captured |
Museu
Almiro Theobaldo Müller |
|
1960 |
Cunha
Porã |
−26.892682, −53.171931 |
Killed |
Fundação
e Casa da Cultura |
|
1970 |
Joinville |
−26.304760, −48.845871 |
Killed |
Newspaper
A Notícia |
|
1972 |
Urubici |
−28.006726, −49.591561 |
Killed |
Orquiso
Rei de Oliveira |
|
1984 |
Campo
Erê |
−26.395318, −53.079029 |
Killed |
Goelzer
family |
For images - - click here for
full PDF
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