Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2025 | 17(11): 27976–27984

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10160.17.11.27976-27984

#10160 | Received 14 September 2025 | Final received 31 October 2025 | Finally accepted 11 November 2025

A preliminary assessment of avifaunal diversity in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yashmita-Ulman^{1 &} Manoj Singh²

¹Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry, College of Horticulture & Forestry, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 224229, India.

²Department of Zoology, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India.

¹ yashmita-agf@nduat.org, ² manoj.singh@kalingauniversity.ac.in (corresponding author)

Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2025 (online & print)

Citation: Yashmita-Ulman & M. Singh (2025). A preliminary assessment of avifaunal diversity in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(11): 27976–27984. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10160.17.11.27976-27984

Copyright: © Yashmita-Ulman & Singh 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: This work was supported by funding received from Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh through Sanction Order No. CST/D-1413 dated 20/10/2023.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr. Yashmita-Ulman, assistant professor in Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry, ANDUAT, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. She is specialized in the field areas of agroforestry and wildlife conservation and management. Dr. Manoj Singh, assistant professor in Department of Zoology, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh. He is specialized in bird acoustics and wildlife conservation.

Author contributions: Y-U conceived and designed the study, conducted the fieldwork and finalized the manuscript. MS compiled the data, analyzed the data and prepared the draft manuscript. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements: We thank the head, Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry, and dean, College of Horticulture & Forestry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya for their administrative support. We also thank the Forest and Wildlife Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh for granting the permission to conduct the survey. We also wish to express our gratitude to the Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh for providing financial support to conduct the study.

Abstract: Birds are important for the proper functioning of an ecosystem. In this study, the avifaunal diversity of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area, Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary situated in Gonda District, Uttar Pradesh was assessed using point count method from March 2024 to February 2025. A total of 140 bird species (53 families and 19 orders) were recorded, of which 110 species (78%) were resident, 29 species (21%) were winter visitors and one species (1%) was a summer visitor. One ‘Endangered’ species, four ‘Vulnerable’ species, and six ‘Near Threatened’ species were recorded as per the IUCN Red List. According to the global population trend, 49 species (35%) were decreasing, 39 species (27%) were stable, 26 species (19%) were increasing, and 26 species (19%) were unknown. This scientific documentation is essential for the forest department to ensure better management and conservation in the sanctuary area.

Keywords: Bird survey, global population trend, Gonda District, Important Bird Area, IUCN Red List status, oxbow lake, point count method, Ramsar site, residential status, wetland.

INTRODUCTION

Avifauna represent highly reliable bio-indicators and serve as effective model organisms for addressing a wide spectrum of environmental concerns due to their pronounced sensitivity to even subtle ecological alterations. They provide critical insights into the health status and functional productivity of ecosystems (Newton 1995; Desai & Shanbhag 2007; Li & Mundkur 2007). Within the Indian subcontinent, the extensive diversity of wetland habitats contributes to a rich avian assemblage, simultaneously functioning as significant wintering refuges for numerous migratory waterbird species. The state of Uttar Pradesh has 31 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and 25 protected areas (Rahmani et al. 2016). In the past, studies have been conducted on bird diversity in rural-urban gradients (Siddiqui et al. 2019), agricultural landscapes (Yashmita-Ulman & Singh 2021), unprotected wetlands (Yashmita-Ulman & Singh 2022), riverine systems (Varghese et al. 2007; Yashmita-Ulman 2022) and university campus (Yashmita-Ulman 2023) in Uttar Pradesh. Bird diversity of protected areas in Uttar Pradesh, such as Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary (Khan et al. 2013), Okhla Bird Sanctuary (Upadhyay et al. 2019), and Sandi Bird Sanctuary (Khan & Khalid 2024) have been assessed. Previous studies in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary have been conducted on biodiversity (Verma et al. 2023), and floristic composition (Khanna 2015; Singh et al. 2016; Singh & Srivastava 2023). But to date, the bird diversity studies are unreported, making this study a pioneering attempt in preparing an inventory of birds in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

The present investigation was undertaken at the Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary, situated in Tarabganj Tehsil of Gonda District, Uttar Pradesh, encompassing an area of approximately 1,084.47 ha (Rahmani et al. 2016). The site was officially designated as a Bird Sanctuary on 23 May 1990. The sanctuary is characterized by extensive vegetation interspersed with oxbow lakes, namely, Parwati (a deep-water lake) and Arga (a shallow-water lake), both originating from natural depressions and forming a hoof-shaped configuration (Rahmani et al. 2011) (Figure 1).

Geomorphologically, the area represents a part of the paleochannel of the Ghaghara River, which, during its southward course, left behind several minor streams (Agarwal & Mishra 1987). These lakes maintain hydrological connectivity with the Terhi River via the Gulriha Nala. Geographically, the Parwati and Arga lakes are located between 26.955° N, 82.174° E, having an elevation of approximately 93 m. The prevailing climate can be classified as moist mid-latitude, with moderately cold winters and intensely hot summers. The region receives an average annual rainfall of about 1,240 mm, while the temperature ranges from a minimum of 4°C in winter to a maximum of 48°C in summer (Rahmani et al. 2016). Importantly, the Parwati Arga Wetland holds international conservation significance as it has been designated a Ramsar site on 2 December 2019, having fulfilled criteria 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 under the Ramsar Convention framework (Ramsar Convention 1971; Site Management Plan 2011). The sanctuary also has been accorded IBA status in criteria A1, A4iii (Rahmani et al. 2016).

Method

Bird surveys were conducted monthly using the point-count method (Bibby et al. 2000) from March 2024–February 2025. On the perimeter of each wetland (Parwati and Arga), two points were fixed, making a total of four points, each of which was 250 m apart from each other (Figure 1). Each point was surveyed four times in a month, making a total of 48 replicates of each point during the one-year duration. Observations were made from 0600–1000 h during clear weather for 15 min at each point count. The species name and number of individuals of the species detected within 150 m of the observer were noted down. A Nikon 7 x 35 binocular was used to aid the sighting of species. Bird identification and residential status classification for each species were done using the standard field guide (Grimmett et al. 2011). Both the conservation status and global population trend of each bird species recorded were updated using the Red List of IUCN (2025).

RESULTS

In the present study, a total of 140 species of birds belonging to 53 families and 19 orders were recorded in the Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary (Table 1). The order Passeriformes recorded the highest number of bird species (45) (Table 1). Out of recorded bird species, resident bird species were 110 (78%), winter visitors were 29 (21%) and summer visitor was 1 (1%) (Table 1 & Figure 2). One ‘Endangered’ species (Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus), four ‘Vulnerable’ species (Sarus Crane Grus antigone, Common Pochard Aythya ferina, Indian Spotted Eagle Clanga hastata, and River Tern Sterna aurantia), and six ‘Near Threatened’ species (Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris, River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii, Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus, Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus, Asian Woollyneck Ciconia episcopus, and Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster) were recorded (Table 1 & Figure 3). According to the global population trend of IUCN (2025), 49 species (35%) were decreasing, 39 species (27%) were stable, 26 species (19%) were increasing, and 26 species (19%) were unknown (Table 1 & Figure 4). Overall, 29 families recorded single species each and five families recorded two species each (Table 1).

The family Anatidae recorded the highest species richness (14 species), followed by the families Accipitridae (9 species) and Ardeidae (8 species) (Table 1). Families Anatidae and Scolopacidae comprised mostly of all winter migrants, exceptions being Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus, Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica, and Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, which are resident (Table 1). Families Ardeidae, Strigidae, Columbidae, Cisticolidae, and Sturnidae comprised of all resident birds. The Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus was the only summer visitor (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

The current study records 140 species of birds, which is higher than the number of species recorded in other bird sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh, e.g., Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary (117 species) (Khan et al. 2013), but lesser than the species recorded at Okhla Bird Sanctuary (302 species) (Upadhyay et al. 2019). Other studies from different bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu such as Therthangal (96) (Byju et al. 2024), Chitrankudi (122), Melsevanoor-Kelselvanoor (117), Sakkarakottai (116) (Byju et al. 2025) and Pakhibitan Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal (124) (Roy et al. 2024) reported lower bird species than the current study, whereas Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh (164) (Prasad et al. 2014) and Samanatham Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu (150) (Byju et al. 2023) reported higher bird species than the current study. The number of winter migrants (n = 29) recorded in this study is higher than that recorded in Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (19 species; Joshi et al. 2021) and lower than that recorded in Okhla Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (40 species; Mazumdar 2019). The current study recorded 11 threatened bird species, which is similar to the results obtained in Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (11 species; Joshi et al. 2021) and higher than the species recorded in Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (five species; Khan & Pant 2017) and Okhla Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh (10 species; Mazumdar 2019).

Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary hosts diverse flora and fauna, including many resident, rare, and migratory species due to its diverse habitats consisting of two oxbow lakes having freshwater ecosystems, along with marshes, swamps, interspersed with agricultural fields and adjoining Tikri Reserve Forest (Image 1). These habitats support the foraging, nesting, and roosting activities of waterbirds and terrestrial birds (Hattori & Mae 2001). The availability of fish in lakes, grains, and insects in the adjacent agricultural fields & grasslands provides good foraging ground for the birds (Prasad et al. 2014; Anand et al. 2023), whereas the aquatic vegetation and adjoining forests provide shelter, escape routes, cover, and nesting sites, attracting diverse birds (Yashmita-Ulman & Singh 2022). The shallow water bodies with variable depths (Colwell & Taft 2000) might also be a factor attracting birds in the Sanctuary. In the current study, the family Anatidae recorded the highest species richness. This is similar to the findings of Kumar & Gupta (2013) in Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary, Haryana and Prasad et al. (2014) in Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh. Families Anatidae and Scolopacidae comprised most of the winter migratory birds, and only one summer visitor was found, which is similar to the results obtained by Prasad et al. (2014) in Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh.

The study results highlight the importance of the Sanctuary for the resident and migratory birds. Therefore, long-term monitoring of birds and threat assessment is required to assess the impact of the changing environment and surrounding landscapes on the birds of the Sanctuary. This scientific database is a prerequisite for scientific management and conservation of the sanctuary by the forest department.

Table 1. Avian diversity recorded in Parwati Arga Bird Sanctuary.

	Scientific name	Common name	IUCN Red List status	GPT	RS
	Accipitriformes Accipitridae (9)
1	Accipiter badius	Shikra	LC	→	R
2	Circaetus gallicus	Short-toed Eagle	LC	→	R
3	Circus melanoleucos	Pied Harrier	LC	↓	WV
4	Clanga hastata	Indian Spotted Eagle	VU	↓	R
5	Elanus caeruleus	Black-winged Kite	LC	→	R
6	Milvus migrans	Black Kite	LC	→	R
7	Neophron percnopterus	Egyptian Vulture	EN	↓	R
8	Pernis ptilorhynchus	Oriental Honey-buzzard	LC	↓	R
9	Spilornis cheela	Crested Serpent-eagle	LC	→	R
	Anseriformes Anatidae (14)
10	Anas crecca	Common Teal	LC	?	WV
11	Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard	LC	↑	WV
12	Anas poecilorhyncha	Indian Spot-billed Duck	LC	↓	R
13	Anser anser	Greylag Goose	LC	↑	WV
14	Anser indicus	Bar-headed Goose	LC	↓	WV
15	Aythya ferina	Common Pochard	VU	↓	WV
16	Dendrocygna javanica	Lesser Whistling-duck	LC	↓	R
17	Mareca strepera	Gadwall	LC	↑	WV
18	Nettapus coromandelianus	Cotton Pygmy-goose	LC	?	R
19	Sarkidiornis melanotos	Knob-billed Duck	LC	↓	R
20	Spatula clypeata	Northern Shoveler	LC	↓	WV
21	Spatula querquedula	Garganey	LC	↓	WV
22	Tadorna ferruginea	Ruddy Shelduck	LC	?	WV
23	Tadorna tadorna	Common Shelduck	LC	↑	WV
	Apodiformes Apodidae (1)
24	Cypsiurus balasiensis	Asian Palm Swift	LC	→	R
	Bucerotiformes Bucerotidae (1)
25	Ocyceros birostris	Indian Grey Hornbill	LC	→	R
	Bucerotiformes Upupidae (1)
26	Upupa epops	Common Hoopoe	LC	↓	R
	Charadriiformes Burhinidae (2)
27	Burhinus indicus	Indian Thick-knee	LC	?	R
28	Esacus recurvirostris	Great Thick-knee	NT	↓	R
	Charadriiformes Charadriidae (4)
29	Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover	LC	→	R
30	Vanellus duvaucelii	River Lapwing	NT	↓	R
31	Vanellus indicus	Red-wattled Lapwing	LC	?	R
32	Vanellus malabaricus	Yellow-wattled Lapwing	LC	→	R
	Charadriiformes Glareolidae (1)
33	Glareola lactea	Little Pratincole	LC	?	R
	Charadriiformes Jacanidae (2)
34	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Pheasant-tailed Jacana	LC	?	R
35	Metopidius indicus	Bronze-winged Jacana	LC	?	R
	Charadriiformes Laridae (1)
36	Sterna aurantia	River Tern	VU	↓	R
	Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae (1)
37	Himantopus himantopus	Black-winged Stilt	LC	↑	WV
	Charadriiformes Scolopacidae (4)
38	Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper	LC	↓	WV
39	Calidris minuta	Little Stint	LC	↑	WV
40	Gallinago gallinago	Common Snipe	LC	↓	WV
41	Tringa nebularia	Common Greenshank	LC	→	WV
	Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae (7)
42	Anastomus oscitans	Asian Openbill	LC	?	R
43	Ciconia ciconia	White Stork	LC	↑	WV
44	Ciconia episcopus	Asian Woollyneck	NT	↓	R
45	Ciconia nigra	Black Stork	LC	?	WV
46	Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus	Black-necked Stork	NT	↓	R
47	Leptoptilos javanicus	Lesser Adjutant	NT	?	R
48	Mycteria leucocephala	Painted Stork	LC	↑	WV
	Columbiformes Columbidae (5)
49	Columba livia	Blue Rock Pigeon	LC	↓	R
50	Spilopelia chinensis	Spotted Dove	LC	↑	R
51	Streptopelia decaocto	Eurasian Collared-dove	LC	↑	R
52	Streptopelia orientalis	Oriental Turtle-dove	LC	↓	R
53	Treron phoenicopterus	Yellow-footed Green-pigeon	LC	↑	R
	Coraciiformes Alcedinidae (3)
54	Alcedo atthis	Common Kingfisher	LC	↓	R
55	Halcyon smyrnensis	White-throated Kingfisher	LC	↑	R
56	Pelargopsis capensis	Stork-billed Kingfisher	LC	↓	R
	Coraciiformes Coraciidae (1)
57	Coracias benghalensis	Indian Roller	LC	↑	R
	Coraciiformes Meropidae (1)
58	Merops philippinus	Blue-tailed Bee-eater	LC	→	SV
	Cuculiformes Cuculidae (1)
59	Centropus sinensis	Greater Coucal	LC	→	R
	Falconiformes Falconidae (1)
60	Falco tinnunculus	Common Kestrel	LC	↓	R
	Galliformes Phasianidae (3)
61	Francolinus pondicerianus	Grey Francolin	LC	→	R
62	Gallus gallus	Red Junglefowl	LC	↓	R
63	Pavo cristatus	Indian Peafowl	LC	→	R
	Gruiformes Gruidae (1)
64	Grus antigone	Sarus Crane	VU	↓	R
	Gruiformes Rallidae (5)
65	Amaurornis phoenicurus	White-breasted Waterhen	LC	?	R
66	Fulica atra	Eurasian Coot	LC	↑	WV
67	Gallicrex cinerea	Watercock	LC	↓	R
68	Gallinula chloropus	Common Moorhen	LC	→	R
69	Porphyrio poliocephalus	Grey-headed Swamphen	LC	?	R
	Passeriformes Aegithinidae (1)
70	Aegithina tiphia	Common lora	LC	?	R
	Passeriformes Cisticolidae (5)
71	Cisticola juncidis	Zitting Cisticola	LC	?	R
72	Orthotomus sutorius	Common Tailorbird	LC	→	R
73	Prinia hodgsonii	Grey-breasted Prinia	LC	↓	R
74	Prinia inornata	Plain Prinia	LC	→	R
75	Prinia socialis	Ashy Prinia	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Corvidae (3)
76	Corvus macrorhynchos	Large-billed Crow	LC	↓	R
77	Corvus splendens	House Crow	LC	→	R
78	Dendrocitta vagabunda	Rufous Treepie	LC	↓	R
	Passeriformes Dicruridae (3)
79	Dicrurus caerulescens	White-bellied Drongo	LC	↓	R
80	Dicrurus leucophaeus	Ashy Drongo	LC	?	R
81	Dicrurus macrocercus	Black Drongo	LC	?	R
	Passeriformes Estrildidae (4)
82	Amandava amandava	Red Avadavat	LC	→	R
83	Euodice malabarica	Indian Silverbill	LC	→	R
84	Lonchura malacca	Tricoloured Munia	LC	→	R
85	Lonchura punctulata	Scaly-breasted Munia	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Hirundinidae (1)
86	Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow	LC	↓	WV
	Passeriformes Laniidae (1)
87	Lanius schach	Long-tailed Shrike	LC	?	R
	Passeriformes Leiothrichidae (1)
88	Turdoides striata	Jungle Babbler	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Monarchidae (1)
89	Terpsiphone paradisi	Asian Paradise Flycatcher	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Motacillidae (4)
90	Anthus rufulus	Paddyfield Pipit	LC	→	R
91	Motacilla alba	White Wagtail	LC	→	WV
92	Motacilla cinerea	Grey Wagtail	LC	→	WV
93	Motacilla citreola	Citrine Wagtail	LC	↑	WV
	Passeriformes Muscicapidae (6)
94	Copsychus malabaricus	White-rumped Shama	LC	↓	R
95	Copsychus saularis	Oriental Magpie-robin	LC	→	R
96	Eumyias thalassinus	Verditer Flycatcher	LC	↓	WV
97	Luscinia svecica	Bluethroat	LC	→	WV
98	Oenanthe fusca	Brown Rockchat	LC	→	R
99	Saxicola ferrea	Grey Bushchat	LC	→	WV
	Passeriformes Nectariniidae (1)
100	Cinnyris asiaticus	Purple Sunbird	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Oriolidae (1)
101	Oriolus xanthornus	Black-hooded Oriole	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Paridae (1)
102	Parus cinereus	Cinereous Tit	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Passeridae (1)
103	Passer domesticus	House Sparrow	LC	↓	R
	Passeriformes Ploceidae (1)
104	Ploceus philippinus	Baya Weaver	LC	→	R
	Passeriformes Pycnonotidae (1)
105	Pycnonotus cafer	Red-vented Bulbul	LC	↑	R
	Passeriformes Rhipiduridae (1)
106	Rhipidura albicollis	White-throated Fantail	LC	↓	R
	Passeriformes Sittidae (1)
107	Sitta castanea	Indian Nuthatch	LC	↑	R
	Passeriformes Stenostiridae (1)
108	Culicicapa ceylonensis	Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher	LC	↓	WV
	Passeriformes Strunidae (5)
109	Acridotheres fuscus	Jungle Myna	LC	↓	R
110	Acridotheres ginginianus	Bank Myna	LC	↑	R
111	Acridotheres tristis	Common Myna	LC	↑	R
112	Gracupica contra	Asian Pied Starling	LC	↑	R
113	Sturnia pagodarum	Brahminy Starling	LC	?	R
	Passeriformes Zosteropidae (1)
114	Zosterops palpebrosus	Indian White-eye	LC	↓	R
	Pelecaniformes Ardeidae (8)
115	Ardea cinerea	Grey Heron	LC	?	R
116	Ardea purpurea	Purple Heron	LC	↓	R
117	Ardeola grayii	Indian Pond-heron	LC	?	R
118	Dupetor flavicollis	Black Bittern	LC	?	R
119	Egretta alba	Great White Egret	LC	?	R
120	Egretta garzetta	Little Egret	LC	↑	R
121	Egretta intermedia	Intermediate Egret	LC	↓	R
122	Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-heron	LC	↓	R
	Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae (2)
123	Pseudibis papillosa	Red-naped Ibis	LC	↓	R
124	Threskiornis melanocephalus	Black-headed Ibis	LC	↑	R
	Piciformes Megalaimidae (1)
125	Psilopogon haemacephalus	Coppersmith Barbet	LC	↑	R
	Podicipediformes Podicipedidae (2)
126	Podiceps cristatus	Great Crested Grebe	LC	?	WV
127	Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little Grebe	LC	↓	R
	Psittaciformes Psittaculidae (2)
128	Alexandrinus krameri	Rose-ringed Parakeet	LC	↑	R
129	Himalayapsitta cyanocephala	Plum-headed Parakeet	LC	↓	R
	Strigiformes Strigidae (6)
130	Athene brama	Spotted Owlet	LC	→	R
131	Bubo bengalensis	Indian Eagle-owl	LC	↓	R
132	Glaucidium radiatum	Jungle Owlet	LC	↓	R
133	Ketupa zeylonensis	Brown Fish-owl	LC	↓	R
134	Ninox scutulata	Brown Hawk-owl	LC	↓	R
135	Otus bakkamoena	Indian Scops-owl	LC	→	R
	Strigiformes Tytonidae (1)
136	Tyto alba	Common Barn-owl	LC	→	R
	Suliformes Anhingidae (1)
137	Anhinga melanogaster	Oriental Darter	NT	↑	R
	Suliformes Phalacrocoracidae (3)
138	Microcarbo niger	Little Cormorant	LC	?	R
139	Phalacrocorax carbo	Great Cormorant	LC	↑	R
140	Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	Indian Cormorant	LC	?	R

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