Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2026 | 18(9): 29596–29605
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10118.18.9.29596-29605
#10118 | Received 30 August 2025 | Final received 13 July 2026| Finally
accepted 21 August 2026
Avifaunal diversity with
reference to their feeding guilds of Mahadare Conservation Reserve, Maharashtra, India
Riya Patil 1 , Gayatri Pawar 2, Neha Bendre 3 , Aruna Shelar 4 & Sunil Bhoite 5
1,2,4,5 Mahadare Ecological Research
(Interdisciplinary) Organization, Satara, Maharashtra 415002, India.
3 Yashwantrao Chavan Institute of
Science, Satara, Maharashtra 415001, India.
1 riornitho06@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 gayatripawar805@gmail.com, 3 nehabendre1277@gmail.com,
4 arunashelar1194@gmail.com, 5
bhoitesunil@rediffmail.com
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26
September 2026 (online & print)
Citation: Patil,
R., G. Pawar, N. Bendre, A. Shelar & S. Bhoite (2026). Avifaunal
diversity with reference to their feeding guilds of Mahadare Conservation
Reserve, Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 18(9):
29596–29605. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.10118.18.9.29596-29605
Copyright: © Patil et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Riya Patil is a freelance researcher at
Mahadare Ecological Research (Interdisciplinary) Organization (MERI), Satara,
and is pursuing a master’s in Environmental Science and
Conservation Practices at ATREE, Bengaluru. Her primary research interests
include avifaunal behaviour, ecology, and bird conservation.
Gayatri Pawar is a freelance researcher at Mahadare Ecological Research
(Interdisciplinary) Organization (MERI), Satara, and is
pursuing a PhD on the entomofauna of the Kaas Plateau. Neha Bendre is an Assistant Professor in the
Department of Zoology and Fisheries at Yashwantrao Chavan Institute of Science,
Satara. Her academic and professional work focuses on zoology and
related biological sciences. Sunil Bhoite is a founder, mentor and
researcher at Mahadare Ecological Research (Interdisciplinary) Organization
(MERI), Satara. He has served as the Honorary Wildlife Warden of Satara
District for the past 14 years and contributes to
wildlife conservation and research. Aruna Shelar is a freelance researcher at
Mahadare Ecological Research (Interdisciplinary) Organization (MERI), Satara.
Her research interests focus on birds.
Author contributions: Riya Patil contributed to conceptualisation, field surveys, data
collection, and manuscript writing. Gayatri Pawar contributed to manuscript
writing and editing. Sunil Bhoite contributed to conceptualisation and
manuscript editing. Neha Bendre contributed to manuscript
writing and editing. Aruna Shelar contributed to field surveys and data
collection.
Acknowledgements: We express our sincere gratitude
to the Satara Forest Department (T) and Mahadare Ecological Research
(Interdisciplinary) Organization, Satara, for their contributions and
cooperation throughout the study and for providing the opportunity and needful
resources to carry out the research.
Abstract: The study aims to provide
baseline data on avian diversity and their feeding guilds in the Mahadare
Conservation Reserve. Surveys were
conducted over a period of two years, from April 2021 to May 2023, with point
count methods. A total of 126 species of birds were recorded, with the order
Passeriformes being dominant, followed by Accipitriformes. The findings also
showed that the Insectivore guild had the highest number of species, followed
by Carnivore and Omnivore guilds, respectively. Furthermore, the study also
recorded high feeding guild diversity (H’FD = 2.247), which provides
a basis for diversity and feeding behavior. The records include seven endemic,
three ‘Vulnerable’, and two ‘Near Threatened’ species, along with seven winter
migrants and 23 local migrant species, highlighting the avifaunal significance
of the area. The study area is surrounded by human settlements and still holds
a diversity of birds, and attention is required to understand more about the
guilds, along with their distribution and preferences. This first-time study
documents avifaunal diversity, evaluates feeding guilds, and assesses the
conservation significance of Mahadare Conservation Reserve.
Keywords: Baseline data, bird
conservation, ecotone, feeding behavior, functional diversity, guild
distribution, scheduled species, Western Ghats.
Introduction
Birds are
recognized as excellent biodiversity indicators due to their diverse range of
habitats and distribution (Fraixedas et al. 2020). Since they belong to higher
trophic levels in a food web, they are easily affected by the variations or
effects caused on the lower levels. They are also effective bio-controllers,
thus reducing their harmful effects on the environment as well as human health
(Gregory et al. 2003; Manigandan et al. 2024). Food and feeding habits of birds
influence their reproductive success and also provide more details about the
constitution of a habitat (Molokwu-Odozi et al. 2007; Archana et al. 2024).
Livestock grazing, human encroachment, extraction of resources, an increase in
agricultural land, and non-native monoculture plantations lead to degradation
of the habitat. These major threats are the genesis of habitat fragmentation,
forming discontinuous systems and producing the edge effect in birds (Kale et
al. 2010). Logging has caused significant ecosystem damage to the region, exposing
the avian population to edge effects, human activities, predators, and brood
parasites. The resulting loss of forest cover and leaf litter also affects the
forest interior-dependent birds, which rely on closed canopy forest conditions
away from habitat edge (Zakaria et al. 2014; Shafie et al. 2023).
Bird feeding
guilds provide valuable insights into functional diversity and ecosystem
functioning by reflecting resource use, trophic interactions, and habitat
quality, making them effective indicators of ecological integrity (Naveen et
al. 2026). In the biodiversity-rich Western Ghats, conservation reserves play a
crucial role in safeguarding heterogeneous habitats and their avifauna, yet
information on the functional structure of bird communities in many reserves
remains limited. Mahadare forest lies in the northwestern part of Satara
District, Maharashtra (Mohite et al. 2020). It comprises evergreen,
semi-evergreen, and deciduous forest types, forming a unique ecotone region,
and was declared a conservation reserve in 2022 (WLP.06.22/CR-170/F-1). The
forest also consists of paddy cultivation, adding to the lepidopteran and
arachnid diversity. Mahadare is a fragmented patch situated within the city and
is surrounded by settlements, making it susceptible to anthropogenic activities
such as logging, light pollution, and constant disturbance. It is also a part
of the Western Ghats and is therefore home to a diversity of organisms.
However, there exists a gap in the study of avian diversity in the region,
making this the first methodical avifaunal survey of the area with an aim to
document avifaunal diversity, evaluate functional composition through feeding
guilds, and assess the conservation significance of Mahadare Conservation
Reserve.
Materials and Methods
Study area
Mahadare
Conservation Reserve (MCR) (17.247° N, 73.963° E) situated at an average
elevation of 800 m, lies in the northern Western Ghats, with temperatures
ranging from 19–31 oC. Its topography includes paddy fields, human
settlements, teakwood plantations, grassland, and wetlands with a total area of
105 ha. The reserve consists of two major water bodies, one being a reservoir
and the second an irrigation tank (Sutar et al. 2025)
Data
collection
Field surveys
were carried out for a period of two years, from April 2021 to May 2023, twice
a week in four-hour time blocks (600–1,000 h; 1,000–1,400 h; 1,400–1,800 h),
which were covered on alternate days using the point count method and
opportunistic sightings. The points were allotted empirically in the form of
concentric zones (Image 1) around the point (approximately 100 m), and birds
were identified with their audio and visual cues (Roy et al. 2013). A total of
eight points (human settlement, teak plantations, forest area, paddy field,
grassland 1, grassland 2, Mahadare Lake, Elephant Lake) were identified in the
area with a minimum distance of 100 m between them. Bird observations and
documentation were done with the help of a camera (Nikon D5300) and Nikon
Action EX 7 x 50 binoculars. The standard field guides were referred to for
species identification (Grimmett et al. 1998; Ali 2002). Feeding guilds were
assigned based on field observations (Aggarwal et al. 2015; Mukhopadhyay &
Mazumdar 2019; Bernard et al. 2023). The migratory status of birds was followed
(Bhuyan et al. 2024). Species present year-round were classified as Resident
(R), those observed only in winter were marked as Winter Migratory (WM), and
those migrating locally as Local Migratory (LM). IUCN Red List categories:
Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), and Least Concern (LC) have been
mentioned for the respective species (Derebe et al. 2023). The Wildlife
Protection Act status: Schedule I and II were followed
(Gaur et al. 2021).
Data analysis
The Shannon–Wiener index (Shannon
& Weaver 1963) was used to understand the feeding guild richness (Gamito
& Furtado 2009).
It is calculated as: H’FD
= -∑ⁿᵢ₌₁ (pᵢ log₂ pᵢ)
Where pi is the
relative abundance of the ith feeding group, obtained as pi
= fgi / ∑ⁿᵢ₌₁ fgi with fgi representing the
number of individuals belonging to the ith feeding group, and n
being the total number of feeding groups. This index varied between 0 and H’FD
maximum (H’FDmax = log2n); that is, for six feeding
guilds, it would range between 0–2.584. The evenness index (Pielou 1969) would
help in understanding the feeding guild distribution in species with the
equation: JFD = H’FD / H’FDmax, which varies
between 0–1. All graphs (Pie charts and bar plots) were prepared in Microsoft
Excel 365.
Results
and Discussion
In the present study, a total of
126 species of birds, belonging to 19 different orders and 55 families, were
recorded (Table 1). Among these, order Passeriformes (58) represented the
highest number of species, followed by order Accipitriformes (10). The fewest
species were found in order Sulliformes (1), Podicipediformes (1), and
Ciconiiformes (1) (Image 2). The families that recorded the highest number of
species are Accipitridae (10), Muscicapidae (8) and Cuculidae (6). In addition,
124 (98%) of the recorded bird species were listed under the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972. Of these, a total of 17 (13%) birds were categorised
under Schedule I and 107 (84%) under Schedule II. According to the IUCN Red
List criteria, two ‘Near Threatened’ species, Asian Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia
episcopus, and Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus, and three
‘Vulnerable’ species, Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax, River Tern Sterna
aurantia, and Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis, were observed. The
remaining 121 species were listed under ‘Least Concern’.
Additionally, the study also
reports seven species in the region that are endemic to India, namely Indian
Scimitar-Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldii, Indian Yellow Tit Machlolophus
aplonotus, Spot-breasted Fantail Rhipidura albogularis,
White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon viridis, Grey Junglefowl Gallus
sonneratii, Malabar Lark Galerida malabarica, and Malabar
Whistling-Thrush Myophonus horsfieldii (Table 1). The studies of Sayyed
(2016) recorded 208 avian species across 10,48,000 ha of Satara District,
whereas our study, conducted within just 105 ha, recorded 126 avian species,
which accounts for approximately 61% of the total species reported in the
district. This underscores the ecological importance of the present habitat.
The nearest Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) site, Koyna Wildlife
Sanctuary (Mehta 2012), recorded 269 species of birds (Sreekumar &
Bhatnagar 2021). The present study documented 96 (76%) birds resident to the
Indian subcontinent, 23 (18%) Local
Migratory, and seven (5%) Winter Migratory species.
Birds observed during the study
are placed under six different categories according to their dietary
preferences as Insectivore, Carnivore, Nectivore, Omnivore, Granivore, and
Frugivore. MCR consists of a mosaic of different habitats (Image 3). These
include two freshwater bodies and small seasonal streams. Surrounding these
water bodies are patches of dry deciduous forest characterized by an open
canopy and seasonal leaf shedding. The landscape also features patches of
semi-evergreen and evergreen forest. In addition, grasslands and cultivated
paddy fields add to the habitat heterogeneity. The diverse habitat structures
within the study area influence the coexistence of avian species (Panda et al.
2021; Byju et al. 2025; Kumar et al. 2025). It was seen that the Insectivore
guild (38) comprised the highest number of bird species, followed by Carnivores
(34), Omnivores (30), Granivores (12), Frugivores (9), whereas the Nectivore
Guild (3) made up the least number of species (Image 4). The feeding guild
diversity index (H’FD = 2.25) and the evenness index (JFD=
0.87) show high feeding diversity with a slightly uneven distribution, as
Insectivorous and Carnivorous guilds dominate (Ghosh et al. 2022).
The feeding behaviour in birds
varies in accordance with resource availability and niche partitioning,
eventually providing insights into the habitat. Mahadare, with its diverse
habitats, comprises 51 reptile and nine amphibian species (Dhale et al. 2024).
These species serve as an important food source for carnivorous avian species,
especially for migratory raptors such as the Peregrine Falcon Falco
peregrinus (R. Patil per. obs. 2022). Takahashi & Ohkawara (2007) and
Wood et al. (2010) stated that paddy fields are suitable habitats for breeding
and foraging of aquatic and terrestrial birds. We have observed that the
ploughed soil of paddy fields attracts birds such as Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops
orientalis, Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae, Red-vented
Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Indian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone
paradisi, and Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea that feed on the
insect diversity of paddy fields. MCR
consists of multiple small streams, a natural reservoir, and an irrigation
tank. These waterbodies support rich aquatic biodiversity with 22 species of
fish, which serve as a food source for the fish-eating birds (Mohite et al.
2020). The waterbodies host 21 species of aquatic birds from two feeding
guilds: Carnivore (16) and Omnivore (5). Species from the Carnivorous guild are
mainly dependent on fishes and amphibians as their primary source of food,
along with invertebrates such as snails, worms, and crustaceans. Aquatic birds
such as Indian Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna
ferruginea, and Green-winged Teal Anas crecca of the Omnivorous
guild feed on young shoots and seeds of grasses of the aquatic vegetation,
along with molluscs and other invertebrates (Image 4).
Butterflies act as a prey base
for many avifaunal species . Resendiz-Infante & Gauthier (2020) mentioned
observations referring to the seasonal diversity of birds, which often reflects
the timing of breeding in accordance with the abundance of caterpillars. Sutar
et al. (2025) recorded 184 butterfly species from MCR, which supports the
observation of rich insect availability. Similarly, the present study showed
bird count at its peak during winter months (Oct-Jan), coinciding with high
butterfly activity (Seress et al. 2018). Several insectivorous winter migrants,
such as the Bluethroat Luscinia svecica, Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula
superciliaris, and Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva, were also
recorded during this period. Colour, seed size, and fruiting arrangement
influence fruit selection in frugivorous birds (Azman et al. 2011), and
Mahadare comprises 392 plant species, which include a diversity of fruiting and
flowering trees such as Black Clutch Senegalia catechu, Golden Shower Cassia
fistula, and Indian Beech Pongamia pinnata. The region also reported
72 flowering plants, which serve as host plants for butterflies (Bhoite et al.
2025). This indirectly supports avian diversity by hosting their prey base. The
floral diversity of the area supports the avian population in numerous ways,
including nesting and feeding on those trees or shrubs. During summer, it was
observed that birds such as Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinnamomeus,
Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon haemacephalus, Brown-headed Barbet Psilopogon
zeylanicus, and Pale-Billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos were
mostly seen feeding on Cluster Fig Ficus racemosa. Coppersmith Barbet
was also seen nesting in the crevices of this tree. Trees such as Red
Silk Cotton Bombax ceiba and Indian Mango Mangifera indica are a
few important species that are directly beneficial to the avian populations of
the region, fulfilling the guild structure. Species such as the Puff-throated
Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps were mainly observed foraging in the leaf
litter of Teak Tectona grandis by turning over leaves.
Conclusion
MCR is an ecotone region that
acts as a transition zone between diverse habitats. The presence of multiple
feeding guilds highlights the functional diversity of the region, not just taxonomic
richness. Studying the feeding guild distribution in a region can also help in
understanding the various nuances of community assemblages, along with the
structural complexity of a given area. Since feeding guilds provide insights
into ecosystem functioning, the loss of specific guilds can potentially disrupt
activities such as pest regulation, pollination, and seed dispersal, which
could severely alter ecosystems. In order to gain in-depth knowledge about the
effects of change in feeding guild diversity, it is important to assess the
long-term impacts of climate change and land-use change, along with their
functional redundancy and resilience.
Table 1.
Checklist of birds from Mahadare Conservation Reserve, Satara, Maharashtra,
India.
|
Order |
Family |
Scientific name |
Common name |
IUCN Red List status |
Migratory status (for India) |
Feeding guild |
|
Podicipediformes |
Podicipedidae |
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)
II |
Little Grebe |
LC |
LM |
Car |
|
Sulliformes |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817) II |
Little Cormorant |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
Pelicaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Ardea cinerea ( Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Grey Heron |
LC |
LM |
Car |
|
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Black-crowned Night Heron |
LC |
LM |
Car |
||
|
Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) II |
Indian Pond Heron |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Ardea coromanda (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Eastern Cattle Egret |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Little Egret |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Threskiornithidae |
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790)
II |
Black-headed Ibis |
LC |
LM |
Car |
|
|
Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824)
II |
Red-naped Ibis |
LC |
LM |
Car |
||
|
Ciconiiformes |
Ciconiidae |
Ciconia episcopus (Boddaert, 1783)
II |
Asian Woolly-necked Stork |
NT |
LM |
Car |
|
Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Anas poecilorhyncha (Forster, 1781)
II |
Indian Spot-billed duck |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764)
II |
Ruddy Shelduck |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
||
|
Anas crecca (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Green-winged Teal |
LC |
WM |
Omn |
||
|
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines,
1789) II |
Black-winged kite |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821)
II |
Crested Honey Buzzard |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)
II |
Black Kite |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Haliastur indus (Boddaert, 1783)
I |
Brahminy Kite |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Tachyspiza badia (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
I |
Shikra |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Aquila rapax (Temminck, 1828)
I |
Tawny Eagle |
VU |
LM |
Car |
||
|
Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
I |
Changeable Hawk- Eagle |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Aquila fasciata (Vieillot, 1822)
I |
Bonelli's Eagle |
LC |
LM |
Car |
||
|
Ictinaetus malaiensis (Temminck, 1822)
I |
Black Eagle |
LC |
LM |
Car |
||
|
Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790)
I |
Crested Serpent Eagle |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Falconiformes |
Falconidae |
Falco tinnunculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Common Kestrel |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
|
|
Falco peregrinus (Tunstall, 1771)
I |
Peregrine Falcon |
LC |
WM |
Car |
|
Galliformes |
Phasianidae |
Perdicula asiatica (Latham, 1790)
II |
Jungle Bush Quail |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
|
|
Gallus sonneratii (Temminck, 1813)
I* |
Grey Junglefowl |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
|
|
Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758
I |
Indian Peafowl |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
Gruiformes |
Rallidae |
Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769)
II |
White-breasted waterhen |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
Porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham, 1801)
II |
Grey-headed swamphen |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Charadriiformes |
Recurvirostridae |
Himantopus himantopus (Latham, 1801)
II |
Black-winged Stilt |
LC |
LM |
Car |
|
Glareolidae |
Cursorius coromandelicus (Gmelin, JF, 1789) I |
Indian Courser |
NT |
LM |
Car |
|
|
Charadriidae |
Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783)
II |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
|
Laridae |
Sterna aurantia (Gray, JE), 1831 I |
River Tern |
VU |
LM |
Car |
|
|
Columbiformes |
Columbidae |
Treron phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790)
II |
Yellow-footed Green Pigeon |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
Columba livia (Gmelin JF, 1789) |
Rock Pigeon |
LC |
R |
Gran |
||
|
Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786)
II |
Spotted Dove |
LC |
R |
Gran |
||
|
Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Laughing Dove |
LC |
R |
Gran |
||
|
Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Asian Emerald Dove |
LC |
LM |
Gran |
||
|
Psittaciformes |
Psittaculidae |
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)
II |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
|
Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Alexandrine Parakeet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
||
|
Psittacula cyanocephala (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Plum-headed Parakeet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
||
|
Loriculus vernalis (Sparrman, 1787)
II |
Vernal Hanging Parrot |
LC |
LM |
Frug |
||
|
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Cuculus micropterus (Gould, 1838)
II |
Indian Cuckoo |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl, 1797)
II |
Common Hawk Cuckoo |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Cacomantis passerinus (Vahl, 1797)
II |
Grey-bellied Cuckoo |
LC |
LM |
Ins |
||
|
Clamator coromandus (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
||
|
Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Asian Koel |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815) II |
Greater Coucal |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Strigiformes |
Tytonidae |
Tyto javanica (Scopoli, 1769)
I |
Eastern Barn Owl |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
Strigidae |
Bubo bengalensis (Franklin, 1831)
I |
Rock Eagle- Owl |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
|
Athene brama (Temminck, 1821)
II |
Spotted Owlet |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Caprimulgiformes |
Apodidae |
Apus affinis (Hodgson, 1837)
II |
Little Swift |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
Caprimulgidae |
Caprimulgus indicus (Latham, 1790)
II |
Jungle Nightjar |
LC |
LM |
Ins |
|
|
Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Pied Kingfisher |
LC |
R |
Car |
|
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Common Kingfisher |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
White-throated Kingfisher |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Meropidae |
Merops orientalis (Latham, 1801)
II |
Asian Green Bee-eater |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Coraciidae |
Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Indian Roller |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
|
|
Bucerotiformes |
Upupidae |
Upupa epops (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Common Hoopoe |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
|
Bucerotidae |
Buceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
I |
Great Hornbill |
VU |
LM |
Frug |
|
|
Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786)
II |
Indian Grey Hornbill |
LC |
R |
Frug |
||
|
Piciformes |
Megalaimidae |
Psilopogon hemacephalus (S. Müller, 1776) II |
Coppersmith Barbet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
|
Psilopogon zeylanicus (Gmelin JF, 1788)
II |
Brown-headed Barbet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
||
|
Psilopogon viridis (Boddaert, 1783)
II* |
White-cheeked Barbet |
LC |
R |
Frug |
||
|
Picidae |
Leiopicus mahrattensis (Latham, 1801)
I |
Yellow-crowned Woodpecker |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Black-rumped Flameback |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Dryocopus javensis (Horsfield, 1821)
II |
White-bellied Woodpecker |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Passeriformes |
Alaudidae |
Galerida malabarica (Scopoli, 1786)
II* |
Malabar Lark |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
|
Hirundinidae |
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758
II |
Barn Swallow |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Petrochelidon fluvicola (Blyth, 1855)
II |
Streak-throated Swallow |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Hirundo smithii (Leach, 1818)
II |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Laniidae |
Lanius schach (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Long-tailed Shrike |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Oriolidae |
Oriolus kundoo (Sykes, 1832)
II |
Indian Golden Oriole |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Dicruridae |
Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817)
II |
Black Drongo |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Dicrurus leucophaeus (Vieillot, 1817)
II |
Ashy Drongo |
LC |
WM |
Omn |
||
|
Dicrurus caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
White-Bellied Drongo |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Sturnidae |
Sturnia pagodarum (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
II |
Brahminy Starling |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Common Myna |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827)
II |
Jungle Myna |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Corvidae |
Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790)
II |
Rufous Treepie |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817)
|
House Crow |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827
II |
Large-billed Crow |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Vangidae |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus (Gmelin JF, 1789)
II |
Common Woodshrike |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Campephagidae |
Lalage melanoptera (Rüppell, 1839)
II |
Black-headed Cuckooshrike |
LC |
LM |
Omn |
|
|
Pericrocotus speciosus (Latham, 1790)
II |
Scarlet Minivet |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Linnaeus, 1766)
I |
Small Minivet |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Passeriformes |
Aegithinidae |
Aegithina tiphia (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Common Iora |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
Pycnonotidae |
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Red-vented Bulbul |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Pellorneidae |
Pellorneum ruficeps (Swainson, 1832)
II |
Puff-throated Babbler |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Timaliidae |
Dumetia hyperythra (Franklin, 1831)
II |
Tawny-bellied Babbler |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Pomatorhinus horsfieldii (Sykes, 1832)
II* |
Indian Scimitar- Babbler |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Leiothrichidae |
Alcippe poioicephala (Jerdon, 1841)
II |
Brown-cheeked Fulvetta |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Argya striata (Dumont, 1823)
II |
Jungle Babbler |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Muscicapidae |
Muscicapa muttui (Layard, 1854)
II |
Brown-breasted Flycatcher |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Ficedula parva (Bechstein, 1792)
II |
Red-breasted Flycatcher |
LC |
WM |
Ins |
||
|
Ficedula superciliaris (Jerdon, 1840)
II |
Ultramarine Flycatcher |
LC |
WM |
Ins |
||
|
Cyornis tickelliae (Blyth, 1843)
II |
Tickell's Blue Flycatcher |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Bluethroat |
LC |
WM |
Ins |
||
|
Copsychus fulicatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Indian Robin |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Myophonus horsfieldii (Vigors, 1831)
II* |
Malabar Whistling Thrush |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Monarchidae |
Terpsiphone paradisi (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Indian Paradise-flycatcher |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert, 1783)
II |
Black-naped Monarch |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Rhipiduridae |
Rhipidura albogularis (Lesson, 1831)
II* |
Spot-breasted Fantail |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Cisticolidae |
Prinia buchanani (Blyth, 1844)
I |
Rufous-fronted Prinia |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Prinia inornata (Sykes, 1832)
II |
Plain Prinia |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Prinia socialis (Sykes, 1832)
II |
Ashy Prinia |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769)
II |
Common Tailorbird |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Turdidae |
Turdus simillimus (Jerdon, 1839)
II |
Indian Blackbird |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Geokichla citrina (Latham, 1790)
II |
Orange-headed Thrush |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Paridae |
Parus cinereus (Vieillot, 1818) II |
Cinereous Tit |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Machlolophus aplonotus (Blyth, 1847)
II* |
Indian Yellow Tit |
LC |
R |
Ins |
||
|
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Latham, 1790)[2]
II |
Pale-billed Flowerpecker |
LC |
R |
Nect |
||
|
Motacillidae |
Motacilla cinerea (Tunstall, 1771)
II |
Grey Wagtail |
LC |
WM |
Car |
|
|
Motacilla maderaspatensis (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
II |
White-browed Wagtail |
LC |
R |
Car |
||
|
Nectariniidae |
Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
LC |
R |
Nect |
|
|
Cinnyris asiaticus (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Purple Sunbird |
LC |
R |
Nect |
||
|
Zosteropidae |
Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824) II |
Indian White-eye |
LC |
R |
Ins |
|
|
Passeridae |
Gymnoris xanthocollis (Burton, 1838)
II |
Yellow-throated Sparrow |
LC |
R |
Omn |
|
|
Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
House Sparrow |
LC |
R |
Omn |
||
|
Ploceidae |
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus, 1766)
II |
Baya Weaver |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
|
Emberizidae |
Emberiza lathami (Gray JE, 1831)
II |
Crested Bunting |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
|
Estrildidae |
Amandava amandava (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Red Avadavat |
LC |
R |
Gran |
|
|
Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
II |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
LC |
R |
Gran |
IUCN—International Union for
Conservation of Nature | LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable
| R—Resident | Local Migratory—LM | Winter Migratory—WM | Car—Carnivore |
Omn—Omnivore | Ins—Insectivore | Frug—Frugivore | Gran—Granivore |
Nect—Nectivore | *—Endemic to India | Wildlife Protection (Amendment) Act,
2022: I—Schedule I | II—Schedule II.
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