Foliicolous fungi of
Wayanad District in Kerala State, India
V.B. Hosagoudar & A. Sabeena
Journal of Threatened Taxa
July 2014 | Vol. 6 | No. 7 | Pages:
5909–6052 | Date of Publication: 19 July 2014
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................
Key to groups..........................................................................................................................................
The genus Amazonia...............................................................................................................................
The genus Appendiculella.......................................................................................................................
The genus Armatella ..............................................................................................................................
The genus Asteridiella ...........................................................................................................................
The genus Irenopsis ................................................................................................................................
The genus Meliola ..................................................................................................................................
Meliolinaceae
........................................................................................................................................
Asterinales ............................................................................................................................................
The genus Asterina ................................................................................................................................
The genus Asterolibertia ........................................................................................................................
The genus Ishwaramyces .......................................................................................................................
The genus Meliolaster ...........................................................................................................................
The genus Prillieuxina ............................................................................................................................
Key to the Anamorphic Genera
.............................................................................................................
The genus Asterostomella .....................................................................................................................
The genus Asterostomula .....................................................................................................................
The genus Mahanteshamyces ................................................................................................................
Lembosiaceae .....................................................................................................................................
The genus Echidnodella .........................................................................................................................
The genus Lembosia ..............................................................................................................................
Schiffnerulaceae
....................................................................................................................................
Phyllachorales
.......................................................................................................................................
Other Ascomycetes
................................................................................................................................
Key to the Hyphomycetes ......................................................................................................................
References ............................................................................................................................................
28. Host family-Hosts-Fungus Index .............................................................................................................
Foliicolous fungi of Wayanad District in Kerala
State, India
V.B. Hosagoudar 1 & A. Sabeena 2
1&2 Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research
Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695562, India
-1 vbhosagoudar@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 asabeenarasheed@gmail.com
Abstract: This comprises an account of the 580 foliicolous fungal collections
collected along with the host leaves of 220 host plants belonging to 70
families of flowering plants from Wayanad District resulted in recording 175
fungal species distributed among 29 fungal genera, belonging to black mildews,
Meliolales: namely, Amazonia (6), Appendiculella (1), Armatella (6), Asteridiella (12), Irenopsis (7), Meliola (96);
Meliolinaceae: Meliolina (1); Asterinales: Asterinaceae: Asterina (47), Asterolibertia (1), Ishwaramyces (1), Meliolaster (1), Prillieuxina (2), Asterostomella (1), Asterostomula (1), Mahanteshamyces (1), Lembosiaceae: Echidnodella (1), Lembosia (2),
Schiffnerulaceae: Questieriella(2), Sarcinella (4), Schiffnerula (9); Phyllachoraceae: phyllachora (5); Hyphomycetes: Acrodictys (1), Spiropes (3), Ampullifera (1), Passalora (1), Colemaniella (1), Acremoniula (1); Other
Ascomycetes: Leptosphaerulina (1), Rehmidothis (1).
Keywords: Foliicolous fungi, India, taxonomy, Western Ghats.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3658.5909-6052
Editor: B.
Shivaraju, Bengaluru, India. Date
of publication: 19 July 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3658 | Received 03 August 2013 | Final received 08 December 2013 | Finally
accepted 05 February 2014
Citation: Hosagoudar, V.B. & A. Sabeena (2014). Foliicolous fungi of Wayanad
District in Kerala State, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6(7):
5909–6052; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3658.5909-6052
Copyright: © Hosagoudar & Sabeena 2014.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: Jawaharlal
Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Competing Interest: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Author Contribution: VBH has identified the fungi and AS has studied and helped in the preperation of
the manuscript.
Author Details: V.B. Hosagoudar has been working on the taxonomy of
foliicolous fungi for nearly four decades; A.
Sabeena has been working on the same topic since eight years.
Acknowledgements: We are
grateful to Dr. P.G. Latha, Director, JNTBGRI, Palode for the facilities.
For
figures, images, tables -- click here
INTRODUCTION
Wayanad, the 12th district in Kerala
State, was formed from Kozhikode and Kannur Districts on 01 November 1980, with Kalpetta as its district head
quarters. It has an area of 2132km2, located towards
north-east of Kerala, 11027’–15058’N & 75047’–70027’E (Image 1), stands on the southern tip of the Deccan Plateau and has a
glory of majestic rugged terrain of the Western Ghats, having lofty ridges interspersed
with dense forest, tangled with jungles and deep valleys, located at an
altitude ranging from 700–2100 m. The name Wayanad originated from Mayakshetra (Maya’s land). It is also known as Vayal (paddy fields)
and Naad (land), a land of paddy fields. Since large area of the district is covered by forest and is a hilly terrain, the district is
with least population.
According to archaeological evidence, the Wayanad forests have
been inhabited for more than 3,000 years. Historians are of the view that human settlement existed in these parts
for at least 3,000 years. Much
evidences of new
stone age civilization can be seen in the hills throughout
the present day Wayanad District. The two caves of Ampukuthimala, with pictures on their walls and
pictorial writings, speak volumes of a bygone civilization. The recorded history of this district exists only from the 18th century onwards. In ancient times,
this land was ruled by the Rajas of the Veda Dynasty. In later days, Wayanad came under the
rule of the Pazhassi
Raja Dynasty of ancient Kottayam. When Hyder Ali became the ruler of Mysore, he
invaded Wayanad and brought it under his sway. In the days of Tippu Sultan, Wayanad was restored to the Kottayam
royal dynasty. But Tippu handed
over the entire region of northern Kerala to the British, signing the treaty of Srirangapattana
with British army officer and colonial administrator Cornwallis. This was followed by fierce and
internecine encounters between the British and Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam. When the Raja was
driven to the wilderness of Wayanad, he organised the war-like Kurichiya tribals into a sort of people’s militia and engaged the British in
several guerrilla type encounters. In the end, the British could get only the dead body of the Raja, who committed suicide in the
forest. Thus, Wayanad fell into the
hands of the British and with it came a new era. The British authorities opened up the plateau to cultivation of tea and other cash crops by
constructing roads across the dangerous slopes of Wayanad, to Kozhikode and Thalassery. Later, they extended these new roads to
the cities of Mysore and Ooty through Gudalur. Settlers emigrated
from all parts of Kerala and the fecund lands proved a veritable goldmine with
incredible yields of cash crops. When the State of Kerala came into being in November 1956, Wayanad was part of Kannur District. Later, southern Wayanad was added to
Kozhikode District. In order to
fulfill the aspirations of the people of Wayanad for development, North Wayanad
and South Wayanad were carved out and joined together to form the present
district of Wayanad. This district
consists of three taluks: Vythiri, Mananthavady and Sultan’s
Battery.
There are tribal populations in the area who
still practice age-old customs and rituals and live a nomadic life. Some of the tribal populations include Paniyas, Adiyas, Kattunayakan, Kurumans and Kurichiyans. It is the district with the highest
share in the adivasi population (about 36%) of Kerala. Wayanad also has a large settler population. The Jains from Karnataka came in the 13th century. The Hindu Nairs from
Kottayam-Kurumbranadu, in Kannur District, made an entry in the 14th century and established their feudal system. They were followed by Muslims. There were large scale migrations from
southern Kerala in the early 1940s. Christians came in the 1950s from Travancore
region. In the
last few decades there was a complete marginalisation of the indigenous people. Alienated from their land, exploited by
the settlers and neglected by the state, their struggle for rights to the land
has so far been unsuccessful.
The flora of Wayanad are characteristic of the Western Ghats and the plantation crops grown in the cool climate. A major portion of the district is
covered by coffee. Trees of the
wild type like rose-wood, anjili (Artocarpus), mullumurikku (Erythrina),
several species of cassia and many other nondescript varieties are still
preserved here and there, to give shade to the coffee plants. These trees give a sembalance of
wilderness to the landscape of Wayanad. In a majority of coffee plantations, the age-old species are replaced by
the silver-oak which is suited to the cold climate. This tree grows quickly and its
cultivation is widespread among coffee plantations for shade and for giving
support to pepper. It is used for
the Plywood Industry and thus is economical to the farmers. Eucalyptus grandis, a shorter variety of
eucalyptus, whose fragrant smell suffuses the very air around it, is cultivated
on a large scale in certain parts of the district. Eucalyptus oil is extracted on commercial
basis from its leaves. Of the
20,864ha of reserve forest, the major portion is teak plantation. Areca nut palms and jack trees are also
grown here. Tea is grown as an
industry in large estates. The soil
and climate of Wayanad are suitable for horticulture on commercial basis. For promoting the cultivation of
vegetables and raising of orchards, the Kerala Agricultural University is
running a Regional Agricultural Research Station at Ambalavayal. With the clearing of forests, the
diverse and bustling animal life, characteristic of the forests of Western Ghats,
has vanished from Wayanad. One can
still see the Bonnet
Macaque, Slender
Loris, mongooses, Jungle Cats, squirrels, jackals, hares, etc.,
in the limited forest areas. The
world’s largest venomous snake, the King Cobra is also found here. Elephant, bear and other wild animals from the neighbouring
wild life sanctuaries of Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu, stray into the Begur forest range and the forests
around Muthanga, which is 20km away from the town of Sulthan Bathery. Karapuzha Dam near Menangadi 10km, Banasura
Sagar Dam 20km from Vythiri. Today large game is found only in region
that border with Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Here
there is one of the largest concentrations of wild Asiatic Elephants in whole
world. Tiger, Bison, Sambhar,
Spotted Deer, Boar, Leopard, Wild Dog and other Large Mammals are also present
in fairly decent numbers. Wayanad
Wildlife Sanctuary is the core forest region of this district. The native Adivasis mainly consist of
various sects like Paniyas, Kurumas, Adiyars, Kurichyas, Ooralis,
Kattunaikkans, etc.
This district comprises: west coast tropical semi-evergreen
forests, southern moist mixed deciduous forest, southern
dry mixed deciduous forests and moist bamboo brakes and this rich forest has
been protected in the form of Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, harbouring more than
2000 flowering plant species and the present work on the foliicolous fungi
forms the first of its kind for the this area.
Mountains
Chembra Peak (2,100m), Banasura
Peak (2,073 m), Bramhagiri (1,608m) are some of the important
mountains in the district.
Rivers
The Kabini River, one of the three east flowing rivers
of Kerala,
is an important tributary of the Kaveri
River. Almost
the entire Wayanad District is drained by Kabini and its three tributaries, the Panamaram, Mananthavady,
and Kalindy rivers. The Banasura Sagar Dam is built on one of the tributaries of the Kabini River.
The distance from the mean sea level and the
amount of forest cover creates a pleasant climate in the region. Generally the year is divided into four
seasons; cold weather (December–February) hot weather (March–May)
south-west monsoon (June–September) and north-east monsoon (October–November). During the hot weather the temperature
goes up to a maximum of 350C (950F) and during the cold
weather the temperature goes down to 070C (450F). The greater temperature variation in the
last 5–6 years is in the range of 180C (640F)–280C
(820F). The average
rainfall is 2,500mm per year.
Wayanad is 3.79% urbanised. Agriculture, is the main stay of the
economy. Coffee, tea, cocoa, pepper, plantain and vanilla are the main crops. Besides these cash crops, the most important crop in the district is rice.
Key to groups
1.
Produce black mycelial colonies on the host surface ...............Black
mildews
1.
Not so…....................................................................2
2.
Produce tar spots.............................Phyllachoraceae
2.
Not so......................................................................3
3.
Produce yellow rust pustules on the host surface....... ..............Rust
fungi
3.
Not so......................................................................4
4.
Produce superficial perithecia which are attached to host surface.......... .......Leptospharulina
4.
Persist only in conidial form...............Hyphomycetes
BLACK MILDEWS
These
are the ectophytic, black colony forming fungi belong to different groups
Key to the groups of Black Mildews
1.
Produce thick, black, woolly colonies on the lower surface of the
leaves............................Meliolinaceae
1.
Always not so........................................................2
2.
Produce two-celled appressoria and often phialides,
ascomata
perithecial..................................Meliolales
2.
Produce 1-2-celled appressoria, phialides absent,
ascomata
thyriothecium...........................................3
3.
Thyriothecia dehisce stellately or vertically, anamorph mostly pycnothyrial...................Asterinales
3.
Thyriothecia dissolve at the centre, anamorph polymorphic, e.g, Sarcinella, Questieriella, etc............
............................................................Schiffnerulaceae
MELIOLALES
Meliolales Gaumann ex Hawksworth & O. Eriksson, Systema
Ascomycetum 5: 142, 1986; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosag. &
Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 3, 2008.
Parasites on vascular plants. Mycelium mostly superficial,
appressoriate. Appressoria mostly two celled, rarely many celled. Phialidic (in Meliolaceae), phialides
unicellular. Ascomata
flattened-globose to globose, ± ostiolate, peridium smooth, surface cells
protruded, often supplemented with setae and or appendages; asci born on basal
hymenium, unitunicate, 2-8 spored, clavate to cylindrical, evanescent;
ascospores 1-4 septate, brown at maturity.
Type family: Meliolaceae
Key to the families
1. Ascospores 1-2-septate
….....................Armatellaceae
1. Ascospores 3-4-septate
….........................Meliolaceae
Armatellaceae Hosag.
, Sydowia 55: 162, 2003; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of
Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 3, 2008.
Leaf parasites, ectophytes, mycelium with
appressoria, phialides absent, mycelial setae absent. Perithecia on superficial hyphae,
globose, verrucose; asci 4-8-spored; ascospores 1-2-septate, brown at maturity.
Type genus: Armatella Theiss. & Sydow
The family Armatellaceae includes the genera: Armatella and Basavamyces but the present study includes the former genus.
MELIOLACEAE
Meliolaceae Martin ex Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 23, 1946; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 29, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of
Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 4, 2008.
Parasitic on vascular plants; mycelium mostly
superficial; appressoriate, phialidic. Ascomata flattened-globose to globose, ± ostiolate, peridium with conoid
cells, larviform and striated appendages, or with repent or strong setae. Asci unitunicate, 2-4-spored, clavate to
cylindrical, evanescent; ascospores 3-4-septate, brown at maturity.
Type genus: MeliolaFries
Key to the genera of Meliolaceae
1. Perithecia flattened-globose, hidden in the
radiating mycelium …....................................................Amazonia
1.
Perithecia globose, discrete, not hidden in the radiating
mycelium….....................................................2
2.
Mycelial setae present.....................................Meliola
2.
Mycelial setae absent.................................................3
3.
Perithecial setae and larviform appendages present ......................................................................................4
3.
Both perithecial setae and larviform appendages
absent............................................................Asteridiella
4.
Only perithecial setae present......................Irenopsis
4. Only larviform appendages present.....Appendiculella
Digital formula
After the generic level confirmation, a specific
formula called the Beeli’s Formula (digital formula) is used for the
identification up to species level. Beeli Formula consists of eight digits. The first four digits before the stop
(left side to the stop) represent the morphological characters like ascospore
septation, presence or absence and the nature of the perithecial setae or
appendages, presence or absence and the nature of the mycelial setae and the
arrangements of appressoria, respectively. The second four digits, after the stop, represent the measurements such
as length and breadth of ascospores, diameter of perithecia and length of
mycelial setae, respectively. The
species having both simple and dentate setae is denoted by ⅓, while species having straight and uncinate
setae are designated as ½. The Beeli Formula is modified here to accommodate the genus Armatella having one septate ascospores.
MORPHOLOGY (first
four digits from left)
1. Normal septation of ascospores
1.
1-septate
2.
3-septate
3.
4-septate
2. Perithecia
1.
Without setae or appendages
2. With
larviform, horizontally striated appendages
3. With
uncinate or coiled setae
4. With
straight setae
3. Mycelial setae (often on perithecia and
from subiculam)
1.
Absent
2.
Simple
3.
Simple, entire, uncinate or coiled
4.
Dentate or shortly furcate (up to 30µm)
5.
Branched (branches more than 30µm)
4. Appressoria
1.
Alternate or unilateral (less than 1% opposite)
2.
Regularly opposite
3. Both
opposite and alternate
II. MEASUREMENTS (second
four digits from the full stop)
5. Maximum ascospore length
1. Up to
20 µm
2.
21–30 µm
3.
31–40 µm
4.
41–50 µm
5.
51–60 µm
6. More
than 60µm long
6. Maximum ascospore width
1. Up to
10µm
2.
11–20 µm
3.
21–30 µm
4. More
than 31µm
7. Maximum diameter of perithecia
1. Up to
100µm
2.
101–200 µm
3.
201–300 µm
4. More
than 301µm
8. Maximum length of mycelial setae
1. Up to
300µm
2.
301–500 µm
3.
501–1000 µm
4. More
than 1000µm
5.
Absent.
The treatment of
species and varieties consists of the original citation of the correct name,
citation of the world monograph and Indian monographs, relevant synonyms (if
any) based on the monographs of Hansford (1961) and Hosagoudar (1996). The citation is followed by the
description based on the present collections, which are deposited in TBGT
(Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram), HCIO
(Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis), New Delhi and at STET Herbarium,
Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu. At the end
of the description of each taxon, notes have been provided regarding their
identification and distribution. Line drawings have been provided to the studied taxa.
The genus Amazonia
Amazonia Theiss., Ann. Mycol.
11: 499, 1913.
Actinodothis Sydow & Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 9: 174, 1914.
Meliolaster Doidge, Trans. Royal Soc. South Africa 8: 123, 1920 (non
Meliolaster Hohnel).
Amazoniella Bat. & Maia, Broteria 29: 73, 1960.
Mycelium superficial, brown, septate, branched,
appressoriate. Perithecia borne
under radiating mycelium, wall radial, shield like, non-ostiolate to ostiolate,
hemispherical, inner wall pale, thin. Asci 2-4 spored, evanescent; ascospores
brown, 3-4 septate.
Type: A. psychotriae (P. Henn.)
Theiss.
Amazonia flacourtiae Hosag., Siddappa & Udaiyan, Nova Hedwigia
56:193, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 68, 1996. (Fig. 1).
Materials examined: TBGT 5947, 30.ix.2007, on
leaves of Flacourtia sp. (Flacourtiaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin to subdense, up to
2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 12.5–22x6–9.5 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight, rarely
curved, antrorse, 15.5–25 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3–6.5 µm
long; head cells ovate, entire, 12.5–20.5x8–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15.5–22x6–9.5 µm. Perithecia flattened-globose, scattered,
up to 124µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, strongly constricted
at the septa, 34–46.5x12.5–18.5 µm.
Amazonia goniothalami Hosag., Rajkumar, C.K. Biju & Abraham,
Mycotaxon 72: 431, 2001; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21:2322, 2006; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 187, 2008. (Fig. 2).
Materials examined: HCIO 44801,
TBGT 1038, 26.xii.2002, on leaves of Goniothalamus wyanadensis (Bedd.)
Bedd. (Annonaceae), Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A.
Jose.
Colonies predominantly hypophyllous, subdense to
dense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching alternate to opposite at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 9–16x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
closely antrorse, straight, 18–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong to cylindrical, entire,
12–15x8–12 µm. Phialides not seen. Perithecia flattened-globose, radiating, up to 160µm in diameter;
ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
44–48x20–23 µm.
This is
the only record of the genus Amazonia on the members of the family
Annonaceae (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Amazonia
gordoniicola Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova
Hedwigia 80: 467, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 87, 2008. (Fig.
3).
Materials examined: HCIO 43677, TBGT 330,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Gordonia sp.
(Theaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies mostly epiphyllous, subdense, up to 3mm
diam., confluent. Hyphae straight
to substraight, branching in alternate to opposite position at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 19–24x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 1%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate, rarely oblong to globose,
entire, rarely angular to truncate at the apex, 9–15x9–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x6–8 µm. Perithecia scattered, in radiating
hyphae, up to 150µm diameter; ascospores oblong to rarely slightly ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–37x15–17 µm.
The similar A. toquian Petrak is known on Ternstroemia toquian (Theaceae) from the Philippines. Contrasting with A. toquian, this species has loosely reticulate
mycelia, numerous appressoria, and 4-septate smaller ascospores (Hansford
1961).
Amazonia peregrina Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 238, 1917;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2:507, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 236, 1989;
42:126, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.74, 1996.
Meliola peregrina Sydow & Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 8: 479, 1913. (Fig. 4).
Materials examined: HCIO 50329, TBGT
4246, 31.x.2007, on leaves Maesa indica (Roxb.) DC. (Myrsinaceae), 10th Mile, Banasura sagar, coll. V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous,
crustaceous, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to undulating, branching
alternate to opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, forming solid mycelial
mat and impart thalloid appearance, cells 13–16.6x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, very closely arranged, antrorse,
straight to curved, 13–16.5 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3.5–5 µm
long; head cells globose, entire, 10–13x10–11.5 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, ampulliform, 13–16.5x6.5–8 µm. Perithecia mostly aggregated, flattened-globose, glabrous, black, up to
281µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 36–43x13–16 µm.
This species mostly occurs on the leaves
infected with Meliola groteana Sydow but can be easily distinguished by
its crustose colonies.
Amazonia syzygii Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 236, 1989; 42:126, 1991; Hosag., Dayal
& Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 202,1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.74, 1996. (Fig. 5).
Materials examined: HCIO 49847, TBGT 3999,
12.ii.2009, on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), Wayanad, coll. Jacob
Thomas et al.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense, crustose to
slightly velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching mostly opposite at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
16–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight, antrorse to spreading, 18–20 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long; head cells ovate
to subglobose, entire, 10–14x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, conoid to ampulliform, 20–24x8–10 µm. Perithecia flattened-globose, scattered
to grouped, up to 180µm in diameter; ascospores obovate, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 44–48x16–20 µm.
Amazonia vaccinii Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia
80: 468, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 87, 2008. (Fig. 6).
Materials examined: HCIO 43603, TBGT 289,
20.xi.1998, on leaves of Vaccinium sp.
(Vacciniaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K.
Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, thin
to subdense, up to 5mm diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching in opposite to unilateral position at acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 12–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
slightly curved, antrorse to spreading, 14–18 µm long; stalk cells
cuneate, 4–7µm long; head cells oblong to globose, straight to slightly
curved, entire to sublobate, 9–13x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria but
apparently on separate mycelial branches, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–23x6–8 µm. Perithecia hidden in the radiating mycelium, flattened-globose, fringed
hyphae appressoriate, up to 120µm diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 33–37x14–16 µm.
The similar A. kakachiana Hosag. is known
on Vaccinium leschenaultii var. zeylanicum (Ericaceae) from
the southern Western Ghats of peninsular India. Contrasting with A. kakachiana, has
4-septate ascospores (Hosagoudar, 1996).
The genus Appendiculella
Appendiculella Hohn.
in Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl. 128: 556, 1919.
Irene Stev., Ann. Mycol. 25: 420, 1927 (non Irene
Theiss. & Sydow, 1917).
Mycelium superficial, brown, septate, branched,
appressoriate. Perithecia globose, discrete, ± ostiolate, larviform and
striated appendages present; asci 2-4 spored; ascospores brown 3-4 septate.
Type: A. calostroma (Desm.) Hohn.
Appendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Hohnel in Sitzb. K.Akad. Wissen. Wien.
Math. Naturw. KI. 138:556, 1919; Kapoor, Indian Phytopathol. 20: 151, 1967; Kar
& Maity, Norw. J. Bot. 19: 248, 1972; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 77,
1996
Meliola calostroma (Desm.) Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 15:363, 1917.
Irene calostroma (Desm.) Hohnel, Ann. Mycol. 16:213, 1918.
Meliola rubicola Henn., Hedwigia 43: 140, 1904.
Irenina rubi Stev. & Rold. var. angulosa Stev. &
Rold., Philippine J. Sci. 56: 52, 1935.
Irenopsis crataegi Bose, Indian Phytopathol. 13:144, 1962. (Fig.
7).
Materials Examined: TBGT 5691, 23.xii.2007, on leaves of Rubus
ellipticus Smith (Rosaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae mostly straight, branching mostly opposite at wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 37–50x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
spreading, 24–28 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
9–12.5 µm long; head cells globose, irregularly sublobate,
12–15.5x18–25 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, conoid to ampulliform,
18–28x9–12.5 µm. Perithecia mostly grouped at the centre of the colony, up to 300µm in
diameter; perithecial appendages many, cylindrical to conoid, twisted, rounded
at the apex, 49–95x18–25 µm; ascospores ellipsoidal,
mostly curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
40–43.5x15–18 µm.
The genus Armatella
Armatella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 235,
1915; 15: 410, 1917. Arx, Fungus (Wageningen) 28: 1, 1958. Verona &
Benedek, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 18: pl. 6, 115, 1961; Muller & Arx,
Beitr. Krypt. Der schweiz 2: 882, 1962; Katumoto, Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti
Univ. 13: 291, 1962; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 195, 1991.
Armata Yamam., Sci. Rep. Hyago Univ. Agric., Agric. Biol.
Ser. 3: 89, 1958.
Artallendea Bat. & Maia, Atas Inst. Micol. Univ. Recife 1:
221, 1960; Katumoto, Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti Univ. 13: 291, 1962.
Mycelium superficial, brown, septate, branched,
appressoriate. Perithecia globose,
non-ostiolate or ostiolate, thick walled, verrucose. Mycelial setae, perithecial setae and
perithecial appendages lacking. Asci usually 4–8 spored; ascospores
typically brown (initially hyaline, later turn brown) and one septate at
maturity.
Type: A. litseae (P. Henn.) Theiss. &
Sydow
Armatella apollonigena Hosag. & Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(13):
4805, 2013.
Material examined: TBGT 6536 (holotype),
PBL 129 (isotype), 30.xi.2007, on leaves of Apollonias sp. (Lauraceae), Padinharathara, Puducherry Kadavu, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin to subdense, up to
3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, form loosely
and irregularly reticulate mycelial net, cells 35–45×5–7
μm. Appressoria alternate,
rarely opposite, straight to variously curved, antrorse to subantrorse,
12–32 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical, often gibbous, 5–12
μm long; head cells ovate, oblong, straight to curved, mostly entire, but
rarely sinuate, 7–20x7–12 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 350µm in
diameter; perithecial wall cells mammiform, up to 17µm long; ascospores oblong,
uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, 32–37x10–12 µm,
wall smooth.
There are 16 species of the genus Armatella are known on the members of family Lauraceae. Of these, Armatella apolloniadis (Hosagoudar et al. 2005) is known on this host from the Western Ghats region of
Kerala State. However, Armatella
apollonigena differs from Armatella apaolloniadis Hosag. et al. in
having unicellular basal cells of the appressoria, entire to sublobate and
globose to oblong head cells in contrast to globose angular to sublobate ones
(Hosagoudar 2008). Ascospores
germinated by producing appressoria from the apical portion of each cells but
no symptom of collapsing cells.
Armatella balakrishnanii Hosag.,
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 196, 1991; Hosag., Sarbhoy, Agarwal & Khan,
Mycotaxon 56: 348, 1995; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 38: 2, 2000;
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 562, 2001; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2323, 2006;
Hosag., Meliolales of India 2:103, 2008 (Fig. 9).
Materials examined: 28.xii.2008 HCIO 50580, TBGT
4495, on leaves of Cinnamomum malabatrum
(Burm.f.) Blume (Lauraceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, M.C. Riju; HCIO 50578, TBGT 4497 14.ii.2009, Tirunelly,
coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, spreading, up to
8mm in diameter. Hyphae smooth
walled, crooked, branching alternate to irregular at acute angles, closely
reticulate, cells 9–25x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
reflexed, 15–115 μm long; stalk cells aseptate to several septate,
straight to tortuous, 3–103 μm long; head cells globose, narrowly
ovate, angular, entire, 9–13x10–12 μm. Perithecia scattered, globose,
verrucose, up to 115μm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal, mostly aseptate
but few ascospores septate, cells unequal, 43–50x18–22 μm.
Multiseptate basal cells, entire head of the
appressoria and the ascospores not constricted at the septum are the characters
of this taxon.
Armatella cinnamomicola Hansf., Reinwardtia 3: 87, 1954; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 237, 1989; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 197, 1991;
Hosag., Sarbhoy, Agarwal & Khan, Mycotaxon 56: 349, 1995; Hosag. &
Balakr., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19: 363, 1995; Hosag. & Abraham, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 38: 2, 2000; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 563, 2001; Hosag., J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 29: 435, 2005; Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2323, 2006; Meliolales of
India 2:107, 2008 (Fig. 10).
Materials examined: HCIO 45293, TBGT 1331
16.x.2001, on leaves of Cinnamomum malabatrum
(Burm.f.)
Blume (Lauraceae), Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 49648, TBGT 3890,
17.ix.2008, Periya, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49205, TBGT 3444,
14.ii.2009, Tirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49813, TBGT 3965, 16.ii.2009,
Periya, coll. Gireesh et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to subdense,
crustose, up to 4 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae crenulated, straight to
substraight, branching alternate to irregular at acute angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 15–40x6–9 μm, outer wall crenulated except
the growing tips. Appressoria
alternate, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 16–23 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 μm long; head cells
ovate, broadly conoid, rarely globose, 13–20x8–13 μm, outer
wall crenulated. Perithecia seated
on tortuous ex appressoriate mycelia, scattered, globose, up to 215μm in
diameter; ascospores initially hyaline, continuous, oblong with rounded ends,
dumbbell shaped, mature ascospores 1-septate with mostly equal cells, cinnamon
brown to dark brown, 23–30x10–13 μm, germinating cells enlarge
to form appressoria and the other one empties and collapses.
External surface of both hyphae and appressoria
are crenulated.
Armatella cryptocaryae Hosag.,
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 198, 1991; Sarbhoy, Agarwal & Khan, Mycotaxon 56:
350, 1995; Hosag. C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 298, 2001;
Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 29: 436, 2005; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2323,
2006; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 108, 2008 (Fig. 11).
Materials examined: HCIO 44698, TBGT 979,
6.ii.2002, on leaves of Litsea coriacea (Heyne ex Meissner) Hook.f. (Lauraceae),
Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 45097, TBGT 1152, 21.iv.2003, L.
deccanensis Gamble,
Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P. A. Jose;
HCIO 49814, TBGT 3966, 16.ii.2009, Phoebe sp. (Lauraceae), TBGT
6267, 5.xi.2009, Gurukulam Botanic Garden, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, crustose, up to 2mm
in diameter. Hyphae smooth
walled, straight to substraight, branching alternate to irregular at acute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–19x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
spreading, 15–25 μm long; stalk cells single celled, cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–7 μm long; head cells ovoid, conoid, slightly angular,
entire, outer wall crenulated, 12–19x9–13 μm. Perithecia scattered, seated on exappressoriate
mycelium, up to 140μm in diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate,
brown, 31–37x12–13 μm.
Only apical cells of the appressoria are
crenulated.
Armatella katumotoi Hosag.,
Sydowia 40: 113, 1987; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 199, 1991; Hosag. &
Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 564, 2001; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.29:
436, 2005; Meliolales of India 2:111, 2008 (Fig. 12).
Materials examined: HCIO 44273, TBGT 678,
9.i.2002, on leaves of Persea
macrantha
(Nees) Kosteerm. (Machilus macrantha
Nees) (Lauraceae), Wayanad, coll. M.
Kamarudeen; HCIO 44811, TBGT 1048, 27.xii.2002, Persea sp.
, Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A.
Jose; HCIO 49868, TBGT 4020, 16.ii.2009, Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), Periya,
coll. Harish et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, scattered, diffused,
up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae
smooth walled, flexuous to crooked, branching alternate to irregular at acute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 15–46x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate, variously curved,
18–46 μm long; stalk cells aseptate to several septate, flexuous to
crooked, 6–40.5 μm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire to
stellately lobate, 6–13x12–16 μm. Perithecia scattered, seated on
exappressoriate mycelium, verrucose, up to 217μm in diameter; ascospores
brown, ellipsoidal, 1-septate, 28–31x12–15 μm.
Multiseptate basal cells and lobate head cells
of the appressoria distinguishes this species.
Armatella litseae (P.
Henn.) Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 235, 1915; Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 286, 1984; Kar & Maity, Norway J. Bot. 19: 250, 1972; Hosag. J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 200, 1991; Yanxing, Yousheng, Bin & Guangzheng, Flora
Fungorum Sinicorum 4: 48, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25:
565, 2001; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 40: 192, 2002;
Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 29: 436, 2005; Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2324, 2006;
Hosag., Meliolales of India 2:113, 2008.
Dimerosporium litseae P. Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 42, 1903.
Artallendea cinnamomi Bat. & Maia, Atas Inst. Micol. Recife 1:
222, 1960 (Fig. 13).
Materials examined: TBGT
6176, 4.xi.2009, on leaves of Cinnamomum
malabathrum (Burm.f.) Blume (Lauraceae),
Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, crustaceous, up to
6mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae smooth walled, substraight to undulate, branching mostly
alternate at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 16–30x6–8
μm. Appressoria alternate,
about 5% opposite, antrorse, straight to curved, 15–20 μm long;
stalk cells single celled, cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 μm long; head
cells globose, stellately sublobate, 11–13x15–16 μm. Perithecia seated on tortuous
exappressoriate mycelium, scattered, verrucose, up to 300mm in diameter;
ascospores initially hyaline and continuous, oblong with rounded ends, dumb
bell shaped, matured spores 1-septate with unequal cells,
30–36x11–13 μm. During germination, one cell of the spore enlarges to produce appressorium
and the other empties into it and collapses.
Globose
and lobate head cells of the appressoria are the characters of this taxon.
The
genus Asteridiella
Asteridiella wyanadensis Hosag., C.K. Biju
& Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 479, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 152,
2008 (Fig. 25).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43611, TBGT 329, 4.iv.1999, on leaves of Mallotus sp.
(Euphorbiaceae), Chembra, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies
hypophyllous, thin, up to 3mm diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate to
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 15–30x5–8
µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse
to subantrorse, 11–20 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6
µm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire, rarely angular, 8–13x9–13
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x4–6
µm. Perithecia scattered, immature,
up to 120µm diam.; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 33–36x12–15 µm.
This
species is close to Asteridiella phyllanthi (Deight.) Hansf. known on Phyllanthus
wildennannii from Sierra Leone. However, differs from it in having flexuous hyphae, absence of opposite
appressoria and having ovate and entire head cells of appressoria.
The genus Irenopsis
Irenopsis Stev., Ann. Mycol.
25: 411, 1927; Hansf., Sydowia Beih 2: 25, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p.107, 1996; Meliolales of India 2: 162, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic
Studies of Meliolales. Identification manual, p. 121, 2008.
Mycelium superficial, brown, septate, branched,
appressoriate, mycelial setae absent. Perithecia globose, descrete, ±
ostiolate, with prominent, dark-brown setae, larviform appendages absent; asci
2-4 spored, evanescent; ascospores brown, 3-4 septate.
Type: I. tortuosa (Wint.) Stev.
Irenopsis benguetensis Stev. & Rold.
ex Hansf.
, Sydowia 26: 311,
1963; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 242, 1989; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 107, 1996.
Irenopsis benguetensis Stev. & Rold.
, Philippine J. Sci.
56: 49, 1935; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 321, 1961(nom. invalid.).
Meliola benguetensis (Stev. & Rold.)
Cif.
, Mycopathologia
7:87, 1954 (non Stev. & Rold., 1935) (Fig. 26, Image 4).
Materials examined: HCIO 44790, TBGT
1027, 27.xii.2002, on leaves of Ficus exaspirata Vahl. (Moraceae),
Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO 49998, TBGT 4150,
18.ix.2008, on Ficus sp., Tirunelly, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 50739,
TBGT 4656, 6.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 4mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
alternate at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
16–36x4–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, spreading, 26–36
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 9–17 µm long; head cells
globose, subangulose to irregularly sublobate, 14–22x12–20 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria and
also born on a separate mycelial branch, alternate, ampulliform,
16–24x7–10 µm. Perithecia scattered to aggregated, verrucose, up to 140µm in diameter;
perithecial setae 4–8, straight, spreading, dark-brown at base and pale
brown towards the apex, obtuse and mostly straight at the tip, up to 160µm long
and 7–10 µm thick; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 36–43x16–26 µm.
This is
the only species on the host genus Ficus in the Western Ghats of
Peninsular India (Hosagoudar, 1996).
Irenopsis hiptages Yamam.
var. indicaHosag. & Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5 (6): 4011,
2013; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4015, 2013 (Fig. 27).
Materials examined: TBGT 5747, 18.ix2008, on leaves of Hiptage sp. (Malphigiaceae), Thirunelli, coll.
P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense, up to 3mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 17–25x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral to
3–4% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, 22–30 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10 µm long; head cells ovate, entire, mostly
angular to rarely sublobate, 15–20x12–17 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–25x7–10 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 190µm in
diameter; perithecial setae simple, straight, obtuse at the tip, up to 117µm
long; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
47–55x17–22 µm. This is the only taxon known on this host genus
from the Western Ghats region.
Irenopsis molleriana (Wint.)
Stev.
, Ann. Mycol. 25: 437, 1927; Hansf., Sydowia
Beih. 2: 184, 1961; Hosag., Sarbhoy, Agarwal & Khan, Mycotaxon 56: 354,
1995; Hosag., Abraham & Crane, Mycotaxon 71: 151, 1999; Hosag., C.K. Biju
& Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 299, 2001; Hosag., Meliolales of India
2: 168, 2008.
Meliola molleriana Wint.
, Hedwigia 25: 98, 1886.
Meliola (Irenina) procera Cif.
, Ann. Mycol. 36: 219, 1938 (Fig. 28).
Materials examined: HCIO 50742, TBGT 4659,
4.xi.2009, on leaves of Hibiscus furcatus
Roxb. ex DC. (Malvaceae), Padinharathara,
coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, subvelvety, up to 4mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 21–41x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
spreading, straight to curved, 14–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate, subglobose, entire, subangular to
slightly sublobate, 9.6–16.8x9–17 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–24x4–7 µm. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
verrucose, up to 170µm in diameter; perithecial setae, 10–16 in number,
simple, straight to slightly flexuous, septate, smooth, obtuse to subacute at
the tip, up to 106µm long; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 33–38x12–17 µm.
The present collections show a slight variation
from the type species in having longer appressoria and shorter ascospores. Kapoor (1967) assigned Irenopsis species
parasitic on Triumfetta bartramia to this taxon (Hosagoudar 1996).
Irenopsis sidae (Rehm) Hughes var. indica Hosag. &
Manoj., Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1000, 2002; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 168, 2008
(Fig. 29).
Materials examined: HCIO 50743, TBGT 4660; HCIO
50741, TBGT 4658, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Sida sp. (Malvaceae),
Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
alternate, opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 22–29x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 5% opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to
rarely retrorse, 14–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–6 µm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire, angular to truncate at
the apex, straight to curved, 9–13x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–18x6–8 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
150µm in diameter; perithecial cells slightly projected; perithecial setae
0–12 in numbers, simple, straight, acute at the apex, deep brown, septa
not visible, up to 125µm long; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 30–32x11–13 µm.
Based on the digital formula, the present
collection is close to Irenopsis aciculosa (Wint.) Stev. known on many
members of the family Malvaceae from the tropical countries and I. sidae Hughes known on Sida javensis and S. mysorensis from
Philippines. However, the latter
species differs from the former in having only straight but not incurved
perithecial setae. Hence, the
present collection is closer to the latter species (Hansford 1961). The variety differs from the type
species in having dense colonies, 5% opposite appressoria and shorter
perithecial setae.
Irenopsis trichiliae Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010; Hosag., J.
Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4014, 2013 (Fig. 30).
Material examined: HCIO 48177, TBGT 2913, 10.xi.2007, on leaves of Trichilia sp. (Meliaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, scattered, up to 2mm in diam.,
confluent. Hyphae straight to
flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 11–33x6–11 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 13–26 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–11 μm long; head cells globose, angular, sublobate to
deeply lobate, 8–18x11–18 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 17–24x6–9 μm. Perithecia scattered,
up to 209μm in diameter; perithecial setae 0–5 in number, straight,
simple, obtuse at the apex, up to 198μm long; ascospores cylindrical,
4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 37–47x15–18 μm.
Irenopsis chukrasiae Hosag., I. inidica (Anahosur) Hosag., I. murrayae Hosag. & Rajkumar are known on the members of the family Meliaceae
(Hosagoudar 1996; Hosagoudar et al. 2001). Irenopsis trichiliae differs from I. chukrasiae in having only unicellular stalk cells of the appressoria and from I. indica in having straight hyphae and 0–5 perithecial setae. It also
differs from I. murrayae in having angular to lobate head cells of the appressoria.
Irenopsis triumfettae (Stev.) Hansf. & Deight.
, Mycol. Pap. 23: 14, 1948; Hansf., Reinwardtia
3: 107, 1954; Sydowia Beih. 2: 368, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 244,
1989; 42: 128, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 118, 1996.
Meliola triumfettae Stev.
, Illinois Biol. Monogr. 2: 30, 1916; Deight.,
Mycol. Pap. 9:17, 1944.
Irenopsis coronata (Speg.) Stev. var. triumfettae (Stev.) Stev.
, Ann. Mycol. 25: 435, 1927: Stev. & Rold.,
Philippine J. Sci. 56: 51, 1933.
Meliola coronata Speg. var. triumfettae (Stev.) Cif.
, Mycopathologia 8:117, 1954.
Irenopsis molleriana sensu Kapoor
, Indian Phytopathol. 20: 151, 1967 (Fig. 31).
Materials examined:
HCIO 43691, TBGT 348, 19.xi.1998, on leaves of Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. (Tiliaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly epiphyllous, subdense, scattered, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae undulate to tortuous, branching
opposite to alternate at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, mostly straight, antrorse, 18–22 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells globose,
entire to sublobate, 12–16x12–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 18–20x6–8 µm. Perithecia scattered to aggregated, up
to 207µm in diam.; perithecial setae 6–8, straight, spreading,
continuous, curved or uncinate at the apex, apex obtuse, 99–144x6–8
µm; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–44x12–16 µm.
Common species on
this host genus
Irenopsis triumfettae (Stev.) Hansf. &
Deight. var. indicaHosag. & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 36:
98, 1998; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 174, 2008 (Fig. 32).
Materials examined:
HCIO 50728, TBGT 4645; HCIO 50730, TBGT 4647; HCIO 50732, TBGT 4649, 6.xi.2009,
on leaves of Triumfetta sp.
(Tiliaceae), Puthucherry Kadavu, coll. A.
Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 24–29x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, 17–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8
µm long; head cells globose to slightly ovate, entire, 12–15x12–15
µm. Phialides numerous, mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–22x7–9 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose,
verrucose, up to 160µm in diameter; perithecial setae 6–8, simple,
straight to slightly curved, tortuous to beaded and granulose towards the apex,
obtuse at the apex, up to 140µm long; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 36–46x12–17 µm.
This taxon is similar
to Irenopsis triumfettae (Stev.) Hansf. & Deight. var. glyphaeicola (Deight.) Hansf. & Deight. in the morphology of the perithecial setae but
differs from it in having entire head cells of the appressoria.
The genus Meliola
Meliola Fries emend. Bornet, Ann. Sci. Nat. III:
16: 267, 1851.
Meliola Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. P., 111, 1825.
Amphitrichum Fries, Syst. Mycol. 2: 513, 1829 (p.p.)
Myxothecium Kuntze ex Fries, Syst. Mycol. 3: 232, 1829.
Couturea Cast. In Fries, Summ. Veg. Sand. P., 407, 1846.
Asteridieum Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 49, 1882.
Mycelium superficial,
brown, septate, branched, appressoriate, mycelial setae present. Perithecia
globose, descrete, ± ostiolate; asci 2–4 spored, evanescent; ascospores
brown, 3–4 septate.
Type: M. psidii Fries
Meliola psidii Fries is conseved over the earlier synonym M.
trichostroma (Kuntze) Toro (Crane & Jones, 2001).
Meliola abdulkalamii Hosag.
& Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 123, 2011; Hosag.,
J. Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4015, 2013 (Fig. 33).
Material examined:
HCIO 51041, TBGT 4958; HCIO 51042, TBGT 4959, 14.vi.2009, on leaves of Aralia sp. (Araliaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous,
crustose, up to 5mm in diameter, scattered, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–33×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 17–20
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–8 μm long; head
cells globose, subglobose, entire, 7–10×7–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, mostly
opposite, rarely alternate, ampulliform, 12–18×7–8
μm. Mycelial setae simple,
straight, obtuse, clavate, inflated, notched to bifid at the apex, ends broadly
rounded, up to 320μm long. Perithecia up to 230μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
27–33×10–13 μm.
The present species
is distinct from other Meliola species known on members of Araliaceae in
having broadly obtuse, inflated to bifid tips of the mycelial setae (Hansford
1961, Hosagoudar 1996, 2008, Hu et al., 1996, 1999).
Meliola abri Hosag. & Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 124, 2011; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4015, 2013
(Fig. 34).
Material examined:
HCIO 51190, TBGT 5070, 16.i.2011, on leaves of Abrus pulchellus Wallich ex Thwaites (Fabaceae),
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous,
thin, scattered, up to 3mm in diam. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 17–30×5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, up
to 1% opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 17–20x10–13
μm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–3 μm long; head cells
globose, ovate, straight to curved, 12–15x10–13 μm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampuliform,
20–25x5–8 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight,
acute at the tip, up to 360μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm
in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
30–33x10–13 μm.
Meliola bicornis Wint. is known on Abrus canescens from
Sierra Leone (Hansford, 1961), but this is a complex species and Hansford
(1961) has segregated more than hundred species. Based on the simple setae and smaller
ascospores, we prefer to accommodate our collection in a new species.
Meliola actephilae Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova
Hedwigia 80: 482, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 187, 2008 (Fig. 35).
Materials examined: HCIO 43614, TBGT 321,
15.iv. 1999, on leaves of Actephila excelsa
(Dalz.) Muell.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Tirunelly,
coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, caulicolous, mostly
hypophyllous, dense, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate and often
form solid mycelial mat, cells 22–26x6–10 µm. Appressoria opposite, solitary, about
15% alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 19–23 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells oblong
to cylindrical, angular to slightly sublobate, often entire,
12–16x9–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
19–23x8-10 µm. Mycelial setae
many, scattered, simple, straight, stlightly curved and often flexuous, acute
at the tip, up to 300µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 140µm in diameter; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 40–44x11–14 µm.
This species differs from Meliola homalanthi Boed. and its variety in having predominantly opposite and oblong to
cylindrical, angular to sublobate appressoria (Hansford 1961).
Meliola affinis Sydow
var. indica Hosag.
, Nova Hedwigia 47: 538, 1988; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 124, 1996 (Fig. 36).
Materials
examined: HCIO 47373, TBGT 2411, 19.ix.1999, on leaves of Memecylon sp. (Melastomataceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies
hypophyllous, very thin, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching opposite to irregular at subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 16–34x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, distantly
arranged, straight to curved, mostly antrorse, 14–22 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 9–14 µm long; head cells ovate, pointed towards
the apex with broadly rounded ends, entire, 9–14x6–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 19–24x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, straight, simple, acute, up to 670µm long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 130µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–41x14–17 µm.
Very
thin hypophyllous colonies and distantly placed appressoria are the
characteristics of the species Meliola affinis Sydow
. However, the variety
differs from the var. affinis in having smaller ascospores (Hansford,
1961; Hosagoudar, 1988).
Meliola
ailanthi Sharma, Mohanan & Florence, Kerala Forest Research
Institute Report 36: 248, 1985 (ailanthii) emend. Hosag. in
Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 524, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p. 126, 1996 (Fig. 37).
Materials
examined: HCIO 48171, TBGT 2907; June 30, 2007 HCIO 48173, TBGT 2909,
29.vi.2009, on leaves of Ailanthus malabarica DC. (Simaroubiaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, scattered, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, rarely substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–28x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight, antrorse, 12–23 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 µm long; head cells ovate to
cylindrical, entire, 9–16x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–21x9–13 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, straight to
slightly curved but not uncinate, simple, acute to 2–3 times dentate at
the tip, up to 265µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped, verrucose, up to 179µm in diam.;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–41x12–16 µm.
This
taxon was described by Sharma et al. (1985) from Kerala but it was
inadequate for the identification. Later, Hosagoudar (1994) emended it by
providing detailed description along with line drawings.
Meliola ailanthicola Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6):4017, 2013 (Fig. 38).
Material examined: HCIO 48170 (holotype), TBGT 2906 (isotype); HCIO 48173, TBGT 2909, 30.ix.2007, on leaves of Ailanthus triphysa malabarica (Dennst.) Alston (Simaroubaceae), 16th mile,
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae crooked, branching alternate to
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
13–33x4–9 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 13–27 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–16 μm long; head cells
ovate, globose, truncate to slightly lobate, 8–13x6–9 μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
13–22x4–9 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to 2–5
dentate at the tip, up to 400μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160μm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the
septa, 37–44x13–16 μm.
This species differs from Meliola ailanthi Sharma et al. emend. Hosag. in having strongly appressed colonies on the lower surface of
the leaves and having distinctly crooked mycelium (Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola allophyli-concanici Hosag. in Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova
Hedwigia 58: 535, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 126, 1996 (Fig. 39).
Materials examined: HCIO 49436, TBGT 3681, 15.ii.2009,
on leaves of Allophylus sp. (Sapindaceae), Begoor, coll. Harish
et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight,
branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
14-22x9-12 µm. Appressoria
opposite, crowded after an interval, antrorse to subantrorse, recurved,
17–22 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells
globose, cylindrical, entire, 12–16x12–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 17–22x9–12 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 576µm
long. Perithecia, scattered to loosely grouped, verrucose, up to 174µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–41x14–19 µm.
The present taxon can be compared with Meliola capensis (K. & C.) Theiss. var. lacaniodisci Hansf.
& Deight. and Meliola capensis (K. & C.) Theiss. var. baileyana Hansf. However, the present
taxon differs from them in having appressoria with globose head cells, in
contrast to conoid (Hansford 1961).
Meliola allophyli-serrulati Hosag. & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 36:
99, 1998; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 187, 2008 (Fig. 40).
Materials examined: HCIO 45071, TBGT 1126,
21.iv.2003, on leaves of Allophylus
cobbe (L) Raeusch. (Sapindaceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A.
Jose.
Colonies hypophyllous, subdense, crustose, up to
2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, rarely crooked, branching mostly opposite at acute to
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–21x8–10 µm. Appressoria opposite, about 5%
alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, mostly straight, rarely curved, 19–27
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 µm long; head cells
globose, ovate, rounded to rarely truncate at the apex, entire,
14–17x12–15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
21–32x9–12 µm. Mycelial
setae moderately numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple,
straight to curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 620µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, straight
to slightly curved, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
43–46x17–20 µm.
Meliola anceps Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 14: 76, 1916; Stev.,
Ann.Mycol. 28: 205, 1928; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 586, 1961; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 218, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 129, 1996.
Meliola makilingiana Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 188, 1917.
Meliola mussaendae Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 190, 1917(Fig. 41
& Image 5).
Materials examined: HCIO
50916, TBGT 4833, 1.xi.2007, on leaves of Mussaenda
philippica A.Rich. (Rubiaceae), Banasuranmala, Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 22–54x4–8 µm. Appressoria closely arranged, alternate,
unilateral, closely antrorse, 17–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 6–13 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, slightly
angular, 10–15x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite, irregular, ampulliform,
12–25x6–10 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight to curved, simple,
rounded to bifid at the tip, often show knobs in the middle, up to 292µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 175µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 27–33x10–12 µm.
This
host plant is extensively cultivated in India and it appears to be a threat to
it.
Meliola aphanamixidis Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 404,
1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 133, 1996 (Fig. 42).
Materials examined:
TBGT 5943, 10.xi.2007, on leaves of Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)
Parker (Amoora rohituka Wight & Arn.) (Meliaceae), 16th Mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous,
dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly crooked,
branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 12–28x9–12.5 µm. Appressoria opposite, crowded after intervals, rarely solitary,
antrorse, subantrorse, recurved, 21–31 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 6–12.5 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, angular, truncate,
straight to curved, entire, 15–18.5x9–15.5 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 18–25x9–12.5 µm. Mycelial setae mostly grouped around perithecia,
simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 572µm long. Perithecia seated on exappressoriate
mycelium, scattered, verrucose, up to 232µm; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 52–56x18–22 µm.
Meliola aporusae Hosag. & Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2 (2): 264,
2011; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa
5(6):4017, 2013 (Fig. 43).
Materials examined: HCIO 50925, TBGT 4842, 23.xii.2008, on leaves of Aporusa sp. (Euphorbiaceae),
Banasuranmala, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, crustose, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching
mostly opposite to alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
19–24x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 15% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse,
spreading, 24–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
10–12 µm long; head cellsovate, clavate, globose, entire to 2–5
times lobate, often slightly angular 12-19x14–19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, ampulliform, 17–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae few, simple, straight,
obtuse at the tip, up to 410µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 115µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 41–43x14–17 µm.
Based on
the digital formula, the present species is close to Meliola goleoria Hansf. and M. tetrorchidiicola Hansf. known on Galeario filiformis and Tetrorchidium rubivenium from Java and Brazil, respectively. However,
differs from both in having stellately lobate head cells of the appressoria
(Hansford 1961). Based on the
lobate head cells, it can be compared with M. octephilae Hosag. et al.
but differs from it in having only 15% opposite appressoria with stellately
lobate head cells (Biju et al. 2005; Hosagoudar 2008; Hosagoudar & Agarwal
2008).
Meliola ardisiicola Hosag., Rajkumar & Jose, Indian
Phytopathol. 57: 455, 2004; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 190, 2008
(Fig. 44).
Materials examined: HCIO 45230, TBGT 1267, 21.iv.2003,
on leaves of Ardisia missionis Wallich ex DC.
(Myrsinaceae), Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar &
P.A. Jose; TBGT 5568, 30.ix.2007, Ardisia sp., Padinharathara, coll.
M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–16x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, closely
placed, straight to curved, mostly antrorse, rarely retrorse, 24–31 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–10 µm long; head cells
oblong, cylindrical, rarely broadly ovate, entire, straight to slightly curved,
17–21x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, scattered, ampulliform,
19–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 380 µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
180µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 35–40x12–18 µm.
Meliola ardisiigena Hosag., Sabeena & Robin, Bioscience Discovery 2:120, 2011; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6):4018, 2013 (Fig. 45).
Material examined: HCIO 50639 (isotype), TBGT 4556 (holotype), 27.ix.2008, on leaves of Ardisia sp. (Myrsinaceae), Pulpally, coll. P.J. Robin
et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely
to closely reticulate, cells 15–30x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, up to 30%
opposite to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–22 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 μm
long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 10–17x7–12 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 12–25x5–10 μm. Mycelial setae simple, straight, acute
to obtuse at the tip, up to 350μm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 200μm in diam.; ascospores elliptic, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 42–57x12–15 μm.
Meliola
ardisiicola Hosag. et al. is known on Ardisia missionis from the high ranges of Western Ghats (Hosagoudar 2008). However, the present new species differs from it in having longer and 30% opposite
appressoria and longer ascospores.
Meliola aristolochigena Hosag. & Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 1: 348, 2009; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa
5(6):4019, 2013 (Fig. 46).
Material examined: HCIO 50362, TBGT 4279, 5.xi.2009, on
leaves of Aristolochia
grandiflora Sw.
(Aristolochiaceae), Gurukulam Botanic Garden, Periya, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to dense, up to 2mm in diam. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to irregular
at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
12–16x8–10 μm. Appressoria alternate to about 3% opposite,
antrorse to subantrorse, 14–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7
μm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire, 11–13x9–13 μm. Phialides mixed
with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x8–10
μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the
tip, up to 540μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120μm in diam.;
ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
35–40x12–14 μm.
Having opposite appressoria, Meliola aristolochigena can be compared with M. catharinensis Hansf. reported on Aristolochia triangularis from Brazil (Hansford, 1961). However, differs from it in having
distinctly longer appressoria (14–20 μm against 11–15 μm)
and mycelial setae (540μm against 230μm).
Meliola artocarpi Yates
, Philippine J. Sci. 12: 362, 1917; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 328, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 42: 130, 1991; Hosag.,
Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 111, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p. 133, 1996 (Fig. 47 & Image 6).
Materials examined: HCIO 42181, TBGT 53,
28.iii.1996, on leaves of Artocarpus
heterophyllus
Lam.
(Moraceae), Karadimala, coll. V.B. Hosagoudar.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm
in diameter. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching alternate at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells
24–36x7–9.6 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, 26–41 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, margin may wavy or entire, 9–17 µm long; head
cells ovate, angular to sublobate, 16–24x17 µm. Phialides borne on separate mycelial
branch, 1% mixed with appressoria, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
19–26x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae densely scattered, simple, curved, obtuse at the tip, up to 430µm long.
Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 170 µm in diameter; ascospores obovate,
3–4 septate, constricted at the septa, 50–53x16–19 µm.
Epiphyllous colonies, uncinate and obtuse
mycelial setae are the characteristics of this species.
Common throughout southern Western Ghats.
Meliola atalantiae Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 220,
1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 135, 1996 (Fig. 48).
Materials examined: HCIO 50365, TBGT 4282; HCIO
49888, TBGT 4040, 18.ix.2008, on leaves of Atlantia sp. (Rutaceae),
Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO 49437, TBGT 3682, 16.ii.2009,
Thirunelly, coll. Harish et al.,
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly hypophyllous, crustaceous, up to 8mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, substraight to crooked,
branching opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 20% opposite, straight to curved,
subantrorse to spreading, 20–30 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–10 µm long; head cells ovate, conoid, rounded at the apex,
entire, 14–20x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
20–26x8–12 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered, straight, often curved, simple, acute to 2–3 dentate to
cristate at the tip, up to 765µm long. Perithecia scattered, immature; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 40–44x14–16 µm.
Meliola
beilschmiediae Yamam. var.
cinnamomicola Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 87: 222, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 142, 1996 (Fig. 49).
Materials examined:
HCIO 44335, TBGT 718, 10.i.2002, on leaves of Cinnamomum macrocarpum (Lauraceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies
hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate to
irregular at acute angles, closely reticulate, form almost solid mycelial mat,
cells 20–30x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to variously curved, antrorse to
reflexed, 20–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–10
µm long; head cells globose, ovate, angular, entire, 14–16x12–14
µm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 18–22x8–10
µm. Mycelial setae numerous, evenly
scattered, straight, simple, acute to variously dentate at the tip, up to 684µm
long. Perithecia closely scattered,
verrucose, up to 216µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 54–60x16–20 µm.
Meliola buteae Hafiz
, Azmatulla & Kafi, Biologia 1: 112, 1955;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 291, 1961; Thite & Patil, Kavaka 10: 29, 1982;
Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 223, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
148, 1996 (Fig. 50).
Materials examined: HCIO 49063, TBGT
3318, 19.xi.2008, on leaves of Butea parviflora
Roxb.
(Fabaceae), Pulpally, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49628, TBGT
3870, 19.ix.2008, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO
50845; TBGT 4762; HCIO 50854, TBGT 4771, 6.xi.2009, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taubert, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 21–31x5–7 µm. Appressoria opposite to alternate, about 5% unilateral, subantrorse to
spreading, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5
µm long; head cells cylindrical, clavate, subglobose, entire to angulose,
9–12x9–12 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–19x7–9
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
scattered, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 680µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, globose, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–38x14–17 µm.
This
species is very common on this host genus in the Western Ghats
Meliola butleri Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 9: 379, 1911; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 382, 1961; Srinivasulu, Nova Hedwigia Beih. 47: 423, 1974; Hosag., J. Econ.
Tax. Bot. 9: 375, 1987; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 148, 1996; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 947, 2006.
Amazonia butleri Stev.,
Ann. Mycol. 25: 415, 1927 (Fig. 51).
Materials examined: HCIO
50843, TBGT 4760, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 11–25x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite,
antrorse, curved, 15–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–6 µm long; head cells ovate, clavate, cylindrical, often curved,
entire, 12–17x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
15–21x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered, straight, acute to dentate, up to 685µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 232µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to
subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 32–45x14–19
µm.
The
present taxon can be compared with Meliola citricola Sydow. The former has mostly epiphyllous,
smaller, crustose colonies with straight hyphae, mostly antrorse appressoria
and dentate mycelial setae. However, the latter has mostly hypophyllous, larger, velvety colonies
with crooked mycelium, irregularly curved appressoria and both acute and dentate
mycelial setae.
Meliola cadigensis Yates var. toddaliaeHosag., C.K.
Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 484, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 199, 2008 (Fig. 52).
Materials examined: HCIO 43617, TBGT 299,
19.xi.1998, on leaves of Toddalia sp.
(Rutaceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 2mm diameter,
rarely confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching alternate to opposite at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, 5% opposite,
antrorse to closely antrorse, 12–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–7 µm long; head cells mostly ovate, entire,
9–12x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to
opposite, ampulliform, 16–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, predominantly straight, few curved, acute to obtuse
at the tip, up to 540µm long; perithecia scattered to loosely grouped, up to
165µm diam.; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 35–39x14–16 µm.
Meliola cadigensis Yates var. glycosmidis (Kapoor)
Hosag.
, Crypt. Bot. 213: 186, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales
of India, p. 149, 1996.
Meliola glycosmidis Kapoor
, Indian Phytopath. 20: 153, 1967; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 234, 1990 (Fig. 53).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49067, TBGT 3322; HCIO 49072, TBGT 3327; HCIO 51151, TBGT 5031; HCIO 51294, TBGT 5174,
18.ix.2008, on leaves of Glycosmis mauritiana
(Lam.)
Tanaka {(G. pentaphylla
Correa)}
(Rutaceae), Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 42970, TBGT 246, 11.viii.1998, coll.
C.K.Biju; HCIO 44628, TBGT 910,
23.ix.2002, coll. K. Vijayakumar; HCIO 49399, TBGT 3644, 12.ii.2009, coll. P.J.
Robin et al.; HCIO 49649, TBGT 3891, 17.xi.2008, Periya, coll. M. Harish
& P.J. Robin; HCIO 49438, TBGT 3683, 15.ii.2009, Begoor, coll. Harish et
al.; HCIO 49966, TBGT 4118, 16.ix.2007, Puthuserrkadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO
50826, TBGT 4743; HCIO 50828, TBGT 4745, 4.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, scattered, cover all the upper surface of the leaves, up to 4mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, closely
reticulate to form a mycelial mat, cells 12–22x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate and opposite,
crowded, straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 14–22 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 µm long; head cells ovate, globose to
subglobose, entire, rounded at the apex, 9–12x7–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 14–22x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
straight, simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up to 700µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
180µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to slightly ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 33–38x12–16 µm.
The variety differs from the species in having
dentate mycelial setae.
Meliola cannonicola Hosag. & C.K. Biju, Indian Phytopath. 57:
456, 2004; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 202, 2008 (Fig. 54).
Materials examined: HCIO 45266, TBGT
1304, 16.iv.1999, on leaves of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae),
Banasuran Mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, scattered, velvety,
up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–24x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, 5% opposite,
antrorse to subantrorse, 19–24 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–8 μm long; head cells oblong, clavate, cylindrical,
entire to rarely slightly angular, 14–16x9–11 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x8–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 980μm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
up to 136μm in diam.; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 38–44x13–15 μm.
There are six taxa of the genus Meliola on
the host genus Toddalia (Hansford 1961; Mibey & Hawksworth
1997). The present taxon is close
to Meliola toddalicola Hansf. and M. toddalicola Hansf. var. indica Hansf. & Thirum. in having alternate and opposite appressoria. This
taxon differs from the former in having smaller and only 5% appressoria and
having shorter mycelial setae. It also differs from the latter taxon in having
only 5% opposite appressoria and longer mycelial setae.
Meliola cannonii Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 43: 22, 2005;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 201, 2008 (Fig. 55).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43818, TBGT 389, 20.ix.2008, on leaves of Strychnos
nux-vomica
L.
(Strychnaceae), Pulpally, coll. M. Harish. & P.J Robin.
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly hypophyllous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 16–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, less than 1% opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to
recurved, 17–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–10
µm long; head cells ovate, oblong, entire to angular, attenuated to truncate at
the apex, 11–16x8–12 µm. Phialides numerous, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 12–20x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight,
curved to uncinate, acute at the tip, up to 350µm long. Perithecia scattered to
loosely grouped, up to 130µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 30–32x12–15 µm.
Based on
the morphology of appressoria, Meliola cannonii is similar to M.
strychni-multiflorae Hansf. known on Strychnos multiflora from
Philippines but differs from it in having comparatively closely arranged
appressoria, shorter and straight to uncinate mycelial setae.
Meliola canavaliae Hosag. & Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 125, 2011; Hosag., J.
Threatened Taxa 5(6):4022, 2013 (Fig. 56).
Material examined: HCIO 51043, TBGT 4960; HCIO 51044,
TBGT 4961, 10.i.2011, on leaves of Canavalia sp. (Fabaceae), 16th mile,
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies foliicolous, epiphyllous, thin,
scattered, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to undulate, branching mostly opposite at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 15–38x5–8
μm. Appressoria alternate,
unilateral, rarely opposite, straight to slightly curved, antrorse, subantrorse
to retrorse, 10–18 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–8 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, 10–15x8–15
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 15–25x7–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the
tip, up to 340μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160μm in diameter;
ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–35x10–13 μm.
Hansford (1961) identified M. teramni Sydow
infecting leaves of Canavalia ensiformis collected by F.C. Deighton from
Sierra Leone. The present fungus is
similar but differs in having shorter (340 μm vs. 1000 μ), acute to
obtuse setae (in contrast to 2–4 dentate or furcate) and smaller ascospores
(33–35x10–13 μm vs. 35–42x13–16 μm).
Meliola canthiicola Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon.
Bot. 25: 69, 2001; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 204, 2008 (Fig. 57).
Materials examined: HCIO 43828, TBGT 360,
18.xi.1999, on leaves of Canthium rheedii DC. (Rubiaceae), Chembra
hills, coll. C. K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching alternate to opposite at acute
angles, closely reticulate, cells 20–24x8–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
closely antrorse, 28–35 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
8–13 μm long; head cells ovate, oblong, entire, angular to slightly
lobate, attenuated and broadly rounded to truncate at the apex,
19–23x12–16 μm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 15–18x7–9 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight to rarely curved, acute at the tip, up to 500μm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 25μm in diameter; ascospores slightly ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 44–47x19–22 μm.
Morphologically, Meliola canthiicola is
similar to M. canthii Hansf. but differs from it in having the phialides
borne on a separate mycelial branch and smaller ascospores.
Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke) Theiss. var. allophylicola Hansf. & Deight.
, Mycol.Pap. 23: 45, 1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 437, 1961; Kar & Bhattacharya, Indian Phytopath. 35: 39, 1982; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 154, 1996 (Fig. 58).
Materials examined: HCIO 46690, TBGT
2031, 27.xii.2002, on leaves of Allophylus sp. (Sapindaceae),
Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 16–26x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate and opposite, 10%
unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 16–24 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells ovate,
globose to subglobose, entire to subangular, 12–17x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 21–26x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to
grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate at the
tip, up to 580µm long. Perithecia
scattered, numerous, verrucose, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal
to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septum, 36–43x14–17 µm.
Subglobose to oblong head cells of the
appressoria distinguishes this taxon. Common species in the Western Ghats.
Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke) Theiss. var. malayensis Hansf.
, Sydowia 10: 67, 1951; Sydowia Beih. 2: 439,
1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 224, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 156, 1996 (Fig. 59).
Materials examined: HCIO 49965, TBGT 4117
14.iii.2007, on leaves of Nephelium longan
Lour.
(Sapindaceae), Batherry, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 44495, TBGT 785, 21.v.2002, Nephelium sp., Wayanad, coll. M.Kamarudeen.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm
in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 12–7x6–8 µm. Appressoria opposite to alternate, straight to curved, antrorse to
spreading, 11–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 1–3
µm long; head cells ovate to cylindrical, attenuated at the apex, entire,
9–14x6–8 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
12–18x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute, obtuse to variously
dentate at the tip, up to 660µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores
subellipsoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
28–36x12–16 µm.
Ovate, conoid and slightly recurved head cells
of appressoria are the distinguishing characters of this species.
Common species in the Western Ghats.
Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke) Theiss. var. schleicherae Hosag. & Pillai
in Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia
58: 583, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 157, 1996(Fig. 60).
Materials examined: TBGT 3938,
15.ii.2009, on leaves of Schleichera oleosa
(Lour.) Oken (Sapindaceae), Wayanad, coll.
Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 14–26x4–7 µm. Appressoria opposite, crowded, 12–14 µm long; stalk cells cuneate,
2–4 µm long; head cells conoid, entire, 9–12x6–7 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–21x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, straight,
simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up to 480µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
140µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
31–36x14–17 µm.
Opposite, crowded to sparse appressoria with
conoid head cells distinguishes this taxon.
Endemic to southern Western Ghats
Meliola careyae (Stev.) Hosag. var. indica Hosag., Persoonia 18:2, 2003 (Fig. 61).
Materials examined: HCIO 44368, TBGT 631,
6.ii.2002, on leaves of Careya arborea Roxb.(Lecythidaceae), Periya;
HCIO 44798, TBGT 1035, 26.xii.2002, Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen &
P.A. Jose; HCIO 44868, TBGT 1096, 09.iii.2001, Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar &
P.A. Jose; HCIO 43672, TBGT 336, 19.ix.1998, Banasuranmala, C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 5mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide
angles, closely reticulate and form solid mycelial mat, cells
12–26x4–8 µm. Appressoria opposite, about 3% alternate, antrorse to subantrorse,
14–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 µm long;
head cells ovate, rarely globose, entire, 9–13x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–23x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 350µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 175µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–44x14–16 µm.
Meliola celastrigena Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1):
5, 2013 (Fig. 62).
Materials examined: TBGT 6232, 15.ii.2008,
on Celasteraceae member, Periya,
coll. M.C Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense, velvety,
scattered, up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate, branching alternate to unilateral
at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–30x6–9
μm. Appressoria alternate,
antrorse, subantrorse, spreading, retrorse, 37–42 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 11–16 μm long; head cells ovate,
clavate, lobate to stellately lobate, 24–27x24–26 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, conoid to ampulliform, 16–35x5–9 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 430μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120μm
in diameter; ascospores curved, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, deeply constricted at
the septa, 57–59x19–21 μm.
Meliola euonymi Stevens ex Hansf. known on Euonymus sp. from
Philippines (Hansford 1961) but the present species differs from it in having
shorter appressoria (36–42 vs. 40–55 μm) and ascospores
(19–21 vs. 22–24 μm).
Meliola chandrasekharanii Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 225, 1990;
42: 133, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 164, 1996 (Fig. 63).
Materials
examined: HCIO 44350, TBGT 587, 6.ii.2002, on leaves, stems and petioles of Nothapodytes
nimmoniana
(Graham) Mabberly (Icacinaceae), Periya, coll. M.Kamarudeen; HCIO 48005, TBGT
2788, 6.xii.2006, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO 49069, TBGT 3324, 18.ix.2008,
Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO 44793, TBGT 1030; HCIO 48008, TBGT
2791, 27.xii.2002, Nothopodites sp., Periya, M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; TBGT
5719, 22.iii.2008, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50645, TBGT 4562,
26.xii.2007, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 51297, TBGT 5177, 27.xii.2007, coll. M.C.
Riju; TBGT 3939, 13.ii.2007, Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO 51277,
TBGT 5157, 22.iii.2008, Wayanad, coll. M.C. Riju et al.; HCIO 51232, TBGT 5112,
23.xii.2008; TBGT 5723, 23.iii.2008.
Colonies amphigenous, caulicolous, mostly
epiphyllous, velvety, cover almost all the part of upper surface of the leaf,
up to 3mm diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching alternate to opposite at acute
angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial mat, cells 15–29x6–9
µm. Appressoria alternate, about 1%
opposite, straight to curved, spreading, mostly antrorse, 17–26 µm long;
stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 4–9 µm long; head cells subglobose,
ovate, angular to sublobate, 11–18x13–15 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial
branch, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–26x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to
grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
490µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 160µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, 33–40x11–15 µm.
Because
of the lobate head cells of appressoria and separately borne phialides the
present collection merits its placement in the above mentioned.
Meliola
citricola Sydow & Sydow
, Ann.Mycol. 15: 183, 1917; Hansf., Sydowia
Beih. 2: 246, 1961; Kar & Maity, Norw. J. Bot. 19: 246, 1972; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 326, 1990; 42: 133, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
167, 1996; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 949, 2006 (Fig. 64).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49963, TBGT 4115, 15.iii.2007, on leaves of Citrus sp.
(Rutaceae), Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50843, TBGT 4760,
6.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate to
form a mycelial mat, cells 9–26x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite, about
10% unilateral, antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, closely packed,
16–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 µm long;
head cells cylindrical, ovate, clavate, entire, curved to recurved,
12–16x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
16–26x6–7 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to variously dentate at the
tip, up to 810µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 190µm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 36–41x14–19 µm.
Two
species of the genus Meliola, namely M. butleri Sydow and M.
citricola Sydow have been recorded on the host genus Citrus. However, the latter differs from the
former in having opposite and alternate appressoria and obtuse to dentate
mycelial setae.
Meliola
clerodendricola Henn.
, Hedwigia 37: 288, 1895; Hansf., Sydowia
Beih. 2: 694, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 226, 1990; Hosag.,
Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 111, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p. 169, 1996.
Meliola
sakawensis Henn. var. longispora Beeli
, Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. 7:
98, 1920.
Meliola
sakawensis P. Henn
., Hedwigia 43: 141, 1904; Stev., Ann. Mycol.
26: 248, 1928 (Fig. 65).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49630, TBGT 3872, 16.ix.2008, on leaves of Clerodendrum
viscosum
Vent.
(Verbenaceae), Periya, coll. M. Harish & Robin P.J.; HCIO 49970, TBGT 4122,
14.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50819, TBGT 4736,
4.xi.2009, Clerodendrum sp.,
Padiharathara, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, scattered, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae undulate to
tortuous, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 16–24x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse to reflexed, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire,
7–10x6–7 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 14–17
µm. Mycelial setae few, grouped
around perithecia, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 220µm long. Perithecia grouped, verrucose, up to 130µm
in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 28–34x12–14 µm.
This is
the only species of the genus Meliola on this host in the Western Ghats
region.
Common
in the Western Ghats of Peninsular India
Meliola
crescentiae Stev.
, Ann. Mycol. 26: 240,
1928; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 673, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 174,
1996 (Fig. 66 & Image 7).
Materials
examined: HCIO 48182, TBGT 2918, 29.vi.2007, on leaves of Oroxylum sp.
(Bignoniaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO
48184, TBGT 2920, 10.xi.2007 coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50754, TBGT 4671; HCIO
50756, TBGT 4673, 6.xi.2009, Pajenelia sp., Chennalodu, coll. A.
Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin to subdense, subvelvety, up to 3mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–36x4–12 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse,
straight to curved, 14–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–10 µm long; head cells globose to subglobose, subangular, entire,
9–14x9–12 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
12–28x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae
numerous, scattered, straight, simple, subacute to obtuse at the tip, up to
220µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 120µm in diameter;
ascospores oblong to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
31–34x12–14 µm.
This
collection matches well with assigned species.
Meliola
cycleae Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 228, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 176, 1996 (Fig. 67).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49206, TBGT
3445, 14.ii.2009, on leaves, stems and petioles of Cyclea peltata
Cooke
(Menispermaceae), Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49976, TBGT 4128;
HCIO 50004, TBGT 4156, 14.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO
50334, TBGT 4251, 5.xi.2009, Gurukulam Botanic Garden, Periya, coll. A. Sabeena
& M.C. Riju; HCIO 50823, TBGT 4740, 4.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO 50825, TBGT 4742, 6.xi.2009, Chennalode, coll. M.C.
Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO 49068, TBGT 3323, 17.ix.2008, Periya, coll. M.
Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49639, TBGT 3881, HCIO 49206, TBGT 3445,
14.ii.2009, Thirunelli, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49976, TBGT 4128,
14.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
slightly undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 14–36x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight, antrorse, 16–28 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 7–12 µm
long; head cells ovate, versiform, slightly and bluntly pointed at the apex,
entire, 14–17x12-14 µm. Phialides born on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
conoid to ampulliform, 12–22x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, acute at the tip, up to 420 µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 160µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 36–40x15–20 µm.
Meliola
cymbopogonis Kapoor
, Indian Phytopathol. 20: 152, 1967; Hosag.
& Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 229, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 177, 1996
(Fig. 68).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43632, TBGT 300, 18.xi.1998, on leaves of Cymbopogon sp.
(Poaceae), Chembra, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, rarely amphigenous, subdense to dense, velvety, up to 3mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight to
tortuous, straight hyphae run along the veins and tortuous hyphae cross the
straight hyphae, branching mostly opposite at wide to acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 14–22x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse, spreading, 10–24 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical,
4–12 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, angular to sublobate,
10–14x12–14 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 12–18x10–12 µm. Mycelial setae straight, dichotomously branched at the tip, up to 176µm
long till branching, primary branches up to 20µm long, while, tertiary up to
10µm long, branchlets retrorse, acute to obtuse at the tip. Perithecia
scattered, up to 120µm in diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 38–44x12–14 µm.
Dichotomously
branched mycelial setae on this host genus is the distinguishing character of
this species.
Meliola
densa Cooke
, Grevillea 12: 85, 1884;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 141, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 229, 1990;
Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 111, 1994; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 178, 1996 (Fig. 69).
Materials
examined: HCIO 45254, TBGT 1292, 7.iii.2001, on leaves of Syzygium sp.
(Myrtaceae), Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose; HCIO 49971, TBGT 4123,
14.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50030, TBGT 4182, 6.xii.2006, Periya, coll. Gireesh et
al.
Colonies
hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to tortuous,
branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
18–40x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to variously bent, antrorse, spreading,
18–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–14 µm long;
head cells curved, ovate, cylindrical, angulose, entire, 12–16x8–12
µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, neck elongated and twisted,
22–30x8–10 µm. Mycelial
setae fairly numerous, simple, broadly uncinate to arcuate above, very few are
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 540µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
180µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
46–48x18–20 µm.
Hypophyllous dense colonies with uncinate
mycelial setae are the distinguishing characters of this species. This species occurs on many genera of
Myrtaceae.
Meliola dimidiatae Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 229, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 181, 1996. (Fig. 70).
Materials examined: HCIO
50643, TBGT 4560, 30.ix.2007, on leaves of Nothopodytes
nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb.
(Icacinaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, subvelvety,
scattered, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
16–28x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate and unilateral, rarely opposite, straight to
curved, antrorse to reflexed, spreading, 14–19 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, curved,
entire, 12–14x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
16–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, often grouped around perithecia, straight, simple,
acute, up to 520µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 130µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 40–43x16–19
µm.
This
species differs from other Meliola species reported on the members of
the family Icacinaceae in having globose head cells of appressoria, straight
mycelial setae and 4-septate ascospores.
Endemic to southern Western Ghats
Meliola dysoxyligena Hosag. & Riju, Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 126, 2011; Hosag., Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(6):4029, 2013 (Fig.
71).
Material examined:
HCIO 51045, TBGT 4962; HCIO 51037, TBGT 4954; HCIO 51038, TBGT 4955; HCIO
51052, TBGT 4969, 26.xii.2009, on leaves of Dysoxylum sp. (Meliaceae),
Chennalode, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous,
dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute
to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–45x7–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 15–17x7–10 μm;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 μm long; head cells globose,
subglobose, entire to rarely truncate, 10–13x7–10 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–38x7–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute to 2–3-times dentate at the tip, up to 200 μm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 210μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
oblong, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 35–40x12–15
μm.
Meliola ptaeroxyli Doidge, M. Carapace Hansf. & Deight.
and M. toonae Hosag. & Sabu are the species that have simple
and dentate mycelial setae. The
present fungus differs from M. ptaeroxyli in not producing a
pathogenic effect on the host, from M. carapace in having shorter
appressoria (15–17 μm vs. 24– 40 μm) and smaller
ascospores (35–40x12–15 vs. 51–58x19–23 μm). It differs from M. toonae in
having shorter appressoria (15–17 μm vs. 16–24 μm) and
shorter ascospores (35– 40 μm vs. 40–44 μm) (Hansford
1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hu et al. 1996, 1999). The neck or apical portion of the
phialides are unusually elongated, often variously bent and proliferate as
hyphae by holding the phialoconidia in their neck.
Meliola erythropali Hosag
. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 232, 1990
(erythropalii); Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 190, 1996 (Fig. 72).
Materials examined: HCIO 43629, TBGT 322,
on leaves of Erythropalum populifolium
(Arn.)
Masrt. (Erythropalaceae), Chembra, coll. C.K.Biju; 4.iv.1999; TBGT 3754,
18.ii.2009, Periya, coll. P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies amphigenous, caulicolous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate, branching opposite to irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 14–41x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight, antrorse, spreading, 12–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, slightly curved, entire,
9–17x7–9 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–26x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered, grouped around perithecia, numerous, simple, straight, acute
at the tip, up to 310µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 170µm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–40x9–14 µm.
This is the only species of the genus Meliola on the members of the family Erythropalaceae.
Endemic to Southern Western Ghats
Meliola flemingiicola Hosag., Jose & H. Biju in Hosag., J.
Mycopathol. Res. 43: 26, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 243, 2008. (Fig.
73).
Materials examined: HCIO 43616, TBGT 298,
19.xi.1998, on leaves of Flemingia sp. (Fabaceae), Banasuranmala,
coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, crustose to
velvety, scattered, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
17–28x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 20% opposite, antrorse, subantrorse to
rarely recurved, 12–16 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3-7 μm long; head cells globose, entire, rarely truncate at the apex,
9–11x10–12 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–21x8–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, obtuse, dentate to cristate at the apex, up to
441μm long. Perithecia
scattered to loosely grouped, globose, up to 140μm in diameter; ascospores
oblong to cylindrical, 4 septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–36x11–13 μm.
Meliola gamblei Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 42: 134, 1991;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 201, 1996. (Fig. 74)
Materials examined: HCIO 49435, TBGT 3680,
16.ii.2009, on leaves of Smilax sp. (Smilacaceae), Periya, coll.
Harish et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 2mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to crooked, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 18–31x6–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse to spreading, 18–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–5 µm long; head cells ovoid to globose, straight to curved,
often bluntly pointed at the apex, entire, 12–15.5x12–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 15–25x6–9.5 µm. Mycelial setae few, straight, simple,
acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 650µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose,
up to 280µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted
at the septa, 37–43.5x15–18.5 µm.
Meliola gemellipoda Doidge
, Bothalia 1: 80, 1920; Stev., Ann. Mycol. 26:
229, 1928; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 530, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37:
232, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 204, 1996.
Meliola busogensis Hansf.
, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 51: 538, 1938. (Fig. 75)
Materials examined: HCIO 49462, TBGT
3704; HCIO 49771, 9.ix.2008, on leaves of Jasminum sp.
(Oleaceae), Pulpally, coll. P.J. Robin et al.,
TBGT 3923, 14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49967, TBGT
4119, 13.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50841, TBGT 4758,
5.xi.2009, Jasminum malabaricum Wight, Gurukulam Botanical Garden, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO
49627, TBGT 3869, 20.ix.2008, Jasminum sp., Pulpally, coll. M.
Harish & P.J. Robin.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate, branching opposite at acute to
subacute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–19x4–7
µm. Appressoria opposite (very few
unilateral), straight to slightly curved, closely antrorse, 14–19 µm
long; stalk cells cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells subglobose to ovate, entire,
9–14x7–10 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
16–26x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae fairly numerous, scattered to mostly grouped around perithecia, straight,
simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 570µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
120µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the
septa, 43–50x14–20 µm.
This is distinct from other species having
opposite appressoria.
Not very common in the Western Ghats
Meliola glanduliferae Hosag.,
C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 485, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of
India 2: 250, 2008 (Fig. 76).
Materials examined: HCIO 43630, TBGT 328,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Olea glandulifera Wallich ex G. Don
(Oleaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense to dense, up to
2mm diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching mostly opposite, loosely to rather closely
reticulate, cells 12–18x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse to subantrorse, 19–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 7–9 µm long; head cells oblong to cylindrical, broadly
rounded to rarely truncate at the apex, entire, 11–16x6–8 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight, acute to slightly obtuse at the tip, up to 200µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 160µm diam.; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 35–40x14–16 µm.
Meliola gliricidiicola Hosag. & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 56:
103, 2003; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 251, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal,
Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 178, 2008. (Fig. 77)
Materials examined: HCIO 49964, TBGT 4116,
16.iii.2007, on leaves of Gliricidia sp. (Fabaceae), Batherry, coll.
M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, often confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
14–21x4–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, opposite, subantrorse to spreading, 11–16
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells
globose, rarely ovate, straight to slightly curved, entire,
9–10x7–11 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
8–16x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute at the
tip, up to 368µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 164µm in diameter;
ascospores mostly cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
32–37x9–13 µm.
Meliola gliricidicola can be compared with Meliola nyanzae Hansf.
having the same Beeli formula 3113. 3222. However, it differs from it in not causing any pathogenic effect on the
host. It differs from Meliola
bicornis Wint. in having only acute setae and smaller ascospores. It also differs from Meliola
cranatissima Sydow in having phialides mixed with appressoria, mycelial
setae acute and having smaller ascospores (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola groteana Sydow var. maesae Hosag., C.K.
Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 486, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2:
257, 2008. (Fig. 78).
Materials examined: HCIO 43673, TBGT335,
18.xi.1998, on leaves of Maesa indica (Roxb.) DC. (Myrsinaceae), Chembra
hills, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 50329, TBGT 4246, 31.x.2007, 10th Mile,
Banasura sagar, coll. V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 49059, TBGT 3314,
16.ix.2008, Periya, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49210, TBGT 3449,
14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 47399, TBGT 2437,
21.iv.2003, Maesa perrottetiana A.DC., Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose.
Colonies mostly hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up
to 5mm diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to flexuous, branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 12–16x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 30%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, 12–16 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 μm long; head cells predominantly
globose, rarely ovate, entire, 9–11x8–11 μm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x8–11 μm. Mycelial setae densely scattered,
simple, straight, flexuous to arcuate, obtuse to acute at the tip, up to
300μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 175μm diameter; ascospores
obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–40x–12–15 μm.
The present collection can readily be assigned
to the type species. However, the
new variety differs from var. groteana in having straight to arcuate
mycelial setae and smaller ascospores.
Meliola gymnemae Jana,
Ghosh & Das
, Indian Phytopath. 58: 444, 2005; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 259, 2008. (Fig. 79).
Materials examined: HCIO 49377, TBGT
3622, 16.ii.2009, on the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R. Br. ex Schultes (Asclepiadaceae),
Periya, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 50002, TBGT 4154 13.iii.2007, Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 49422, TBGT 3667, 14.ii.2009, Gymnema sp., Thirunelly, Harish et
al.; HCIO 49803, TBGT 3955, 8.iii.2008, Periya, coll. P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, scattered, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching opposite at acute angles,
closely reticulate, cells 12–26x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, straight to curved, 14–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–7 µm long; head cells ovate, globose to subangular,
cylindrical, entire, 12–17x9–12 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial
branch, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–22x6–7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 390µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped,
verrucose, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to subellipsoidal,
4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 31–36x12–14 µm.
This fungus causes severe damage on this
medicinally important plant.
Meliola hemidesmicola Hosag.
, Meliolales of India, p. 212, 1996. (Fig.
80)
Materials examined: HCIO 49064, TBGT
3319, 20ix.2008, on leaves of Hemidesmus indicus
(L.)
R. Br. (Periplocaceae), Pulpally, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 44796,
TBGT 1033, 26.xii.2002, Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, confluent and cover
an entire upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate, branching mostly opposite at wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 21–29x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, 16–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 12–14x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous,
scattered, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 680µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
120µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 31–36x12–14 µm.
This species differs from Meliola hemidesmi Kamal & Gupta in having longer mycelial setae, smaller perithecia and
ascospores (Hosagoudar, 1996).
Endemic to Southern Western Ghats
Meliola holigarnae Stev., Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Bot. Ser. 15:
108, 1928; hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 468, 1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ. (Sci.) 6: 162, 1973;
Hosag., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 7: 45, 1985; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 234,
1990; 42: 135, 1991; Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 204, 1993; Hosag.,
Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 529, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 217, 1996. (Fig. 81 & Image
8).
Materials examined: HCIO 45105, TBGT 1160,
26.xii.2002, on leaves of Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. (Anacardiaceae),
Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO 45159, TBGT 1214,
27.xii.2002, Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO 49382,
TBGT 3627; HCIO 49384, TBGT 3629, 16.ii.2009, Holigarna sp., Periya,
Wayanadu, coll. Gireesh Kumar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 8mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
strongly appressed to the host surface, crooked, branching alternate to
irregular at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
37–54x6–8 µm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, antrorse to reflexed,
variously curved, 25–50 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical, flexuous,
usually elongated, 8–20 µm long; head cells ovate, versiform, angulose,
entire to lobate, straight to curved, 17–22x14–18 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
conoid to ampulliform, 11–26x4–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, straight,
flexuous, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 826µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 286µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, middle cell largest, 62–74x23–30 µm.
The present taxon can be easily distinguished by
its flexuous mycelial setae and fusiform, large ascospores with the larger
central cell.
Meliola ichnocarpi-volubili Hansf.
, Sydowia 16: 320, 1963; Hosag., Abraham &
Pushpangadan, The Meliolineae - A Supplement, 1987; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 18:
1002, 2002; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 268, 2008.Meliola ichnocarpi Stev. & Rold.
, Philippine J. Sci. 56: 66, 1935 (non Hansf.
& Thirum., 1948); Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 561, 1961. (Fig. 82).
Materials examined: TBGT 5575,
10.xi.2007, on leaves of Quirivelia frutescens
(L.) M.R. Almeida & S.M. Almieda {(Ichnocarpus frutescens
(L.) R. Br.)}
(Apocynaceae), Padinharathara, coll.
M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent and covering almost upper surface of
the leaves. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate,
cells 16–29x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 5% unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 9–14 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, upto 2µm long; head cells globose to subglobose, ovate,
entire, 7–12x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–19x4–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
420µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 130µm in diameter;
ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
26–38x12–14 µm.
Meliola ichnocarpi Hansf.
& Thirum. and Meliola ichnocarpi-volubili Hansf.
are known on this host genus. The former species differs from the
latter in having longer appressoria (15–30 µm) and larger ascospores
(40–48x20–28 µm). Hence, the present species is accommodated in the latter species.
Meliola jasmini Hansf.
& Stev.
, J. Linn. Soc. London 5: 273, 1937; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 235, 1961; Hosag., Indian J. Bot. 11: 185, 1988; Hosag. &
Raghu, New Botanist 20: 70, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 226, 1996. (Fig. 83).
Materials examined: HCIO 49887, TBGT 4039,
17.ix.2008, on leaves of Jasminum rottlerianum Wallich ex A. DC.
(Oleaceae), Periya, coll. Harish et al.; HCIO 50401, TBGT 4318, 6.xi.2009,
Thariyode, coll. A. Sabeena & M. C. Riju; HCIO 44600, TBGT 887,
19.iii.1997, Jasminum sp., Tirunelly, coll. S. Shiburaj; HCIO
48055, TBGT 2838, 6.xii.2006, Kunkichira, Periya, coll. M. Harish, V. Gireesh
Kumar & K. Anilkumar; TBGT 3701, 10.ix.2008, Thirunelly, coll. Robin et
al.; TBGT 4061, 11.xi.2007, Jasminum sp., coll. A. Chandraprabha;
Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C Riju; HCIO 49969, TBGT 4121, 13.iii.2007; HCIO 50846,
TBGT 4763, 6.xi.2009, on Jasminum cordifolium Wallich ex G.Don, Padinharathara,
coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO 50848, TBGT 4765, 6.xi.2009, Chennalode,
coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO 48055, TBGT 2838, 6.xii.2006, on Jasminum sp., Kunkichira, Periya, coll. M. Harish, V. Gireesh Kumar
& K. Anilkumar; HCIO 49066, TBGT 3321, 18.ix.2008, Thirunelly, coll. M.
Harish et al.; HCIO 49442, TBGT 3687, 20.ix,2008, Mananthavady, coll. P.J.Robin
et al.; HCIO 43626, TBGT 304, 18.xi.1998, Chembra, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, velvety, up to 3mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 21–36x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, subantrorse to spreading, 24–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 7–12 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, slightly angular,
entire, 14–19x12–14 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, opposite to alternate,
ampulliform, 14–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at
the tip, up to 380µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 130µm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 33–38x14–17 µm.
This species is distinct from other Meliola species known on Jasminum species in having phialides borne on separate
mycelial branches.
This host appears to be the source of
inoculation for the cultivated Jasminum species.
Meliola jasmini Hansf. & Stev. var. microspora Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 488, 2005; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, 2: 273, 2008. (Fig. 84)
Materials examined: HCIO 43626; TBGT 304,
19.xi.1998, on leaves of Jasminum sp. (Oleaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin, confluent, up to 2mm
diameter. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite to rarely unilateral at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 20–29x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, rarely
3-celled, straight, 14–25 (-33) µm long; stalk cells cylindrical,
4–13 µm long; head cells ovate to clavate, entire to sublobate,
6–14x6–10 µm. Phialides
borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–19x4–7 µm. Mycelial
setae few, grown from the subiculum of perithecia, acute to obtuse at the apex,
simple, straight, up to 177µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 110µm in diam;
ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 25–30x11–13
µm.
The present collection is close to Meliola
jasmini Hansf. & Stev. but the new variety differs from the var. jasmini in having smaller ascospores and shorter and less mycelial setae.
Meliola jasminigena Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1):
7, 2013. (Fig. 85).
Materials examined: TBGT 6231 (holotype),
2.i.2010, on leaves of Jasminum bignoniaceum Wallich ex DC. (Oleaceae),
Periya, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, scattered, up to 1mm
in diameter. Hyphae crooked,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to very
closely reticulate, cells 16–22x6–10 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 19–29 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 μm long; head cells
ovate, clavate, oblong to cylindrical, entire, angular and crenately lobate to
sublobate, 16–22x12–16 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate, ampulliform, 17–24x6–10 μm. Mycelial setae
numerous, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 410μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 110μm
in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at septa,
48–50x15–18 μm.
This species is similar to Meliola
jasminicola var. africana Hansf. in having crooked mycelium and in
the morphology of appressoria. However, it differs in having phialides mixed with appressoria, longer
ascospores (48–50 vs. 31–39 μm).
Meliola kamettiae Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4038, 2013. (Fig. 86)
Material examined: HCIO 48175, TBGT 2911; HCIO 48183, TBGT 2919,
30.ix.2007, on leaves of Kamettia caryophyllata Roxb. (Apocynaceae), Puthusserikadavu,
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50751, TBGT 4668; HCIO 50753, TBGT 4670,
6.xi.2009, Kamettia sp., Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena &
M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, scattered, dense, velvety,
up to 4mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 13–35x4–7
μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, straight, antrorse, 11–20
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–9
μm long; head cells ovate, globose, 7–13x6–11 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate, unilateral, ampulliform, 11–22x4–7
μm. Mycelial setae numerous,
up to 260μm long, simple, straight, few slightly curved to
uncinate, obtuse, bifid, trifid, often subdentate to furcated to branched at the tip, branches up to 30μm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
150μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted
at the septa, 26–33x8–11 μm.
Straight, slightly curved to uncinate, obtuse, bifid, trifid, often
subdentate to furcated mycelial setae distinguishes this taxon from rest of the Meliola species reported on the members of the family Apocynaceae (Hansford
1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar et al. 1997).
Meliola lepianthedis Hosag. & Kamar. in Hosag., C.K. Biju &
Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 72, 2001; Hosag., Meliolales of India, 2:
278, 2008. (Fig. 87)
Materials examined: HCIO 43714, TBGT 364,
8.xii.2000, on leaves of Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Rafin (Piperaceae),
Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies amphigenous, predominantly epiphyllous,
dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute to
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 14–18x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, 16–23 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–8 μm long; head cells globose, minutely and irregularly lobate,
11–16x12–18 μm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 14–21x8–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight to uncinate, acute to broadly rounded at
the apex, up to 300μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120μm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical, straight to curved, 4- septate, not
constricted at the septa, 40–42x9–12 μm.
Sublobate head cells of the appressoria, broadly
obtuse tip and uncinate mycelial setae distinguishes this species.
Meliola ligustri Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 236, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 236, 1996, Meliolales of India 2: 293, 2008.
(Fig. 88).
Materials examined: HCIO 44867, TBGT
1095, 7.iii.2001, on leaves of Ligustrum walkeri
Roxb. ssp. walkeri (Decne) Green (L.
walkeri Decne) (Oleaceae), Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose; HCIO
45197, TBGT 1233, 11.viii.1998, Thirunelli, coll. C.K.Biju; HCIO 50005, TBGT
4157, 14.iii.2007, on Ligustrum sp. Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 49058, TBGT 3313, 19.ix.2008, Kattikulam, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO
49061, TBGT 3316, 19.ix.2008, Pulpally, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO
49071, TBGT 3326, 18.xi.2008, Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin;
HCIO 49647, TBGT 3889, 16.xi.2008, Periya coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin;
HCIO 49209, TBGT 3448; HCIO 49252, TBGT 3491, 14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll.
Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense, up to 4mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 20–30x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, spreading, antrorse, straight to curved,
20–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–8 µm long;
head cells globose, cylindrical, versiform, angulose, entire,
12–18x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
tip twisted and elongated, 16–20x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous,
scattered, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 270µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–40x14–16 µm.
Alternate and antrorse appressoria and simple
mycelial setae are the characters of this species.
Meliola ligustricola Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia
80: 489, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 280, 2008. (Fig. 89)
Materials examined: HCIO 43625, TBGT 305;
HCIO 43624, TBGT 306, 19.xi.1998, on leaves of Ligustrum perrottettii
DC. (Oleaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, moistly epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm diameter. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 17–23x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
slightly curved, antrorse to spreading, 16–27 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–15 µm long; head cells ovate to obovate,
attenuated and broadly rounded towards apex, entire, 9–16x7–8
µm. Phialides borne on a separate
mycelial branches, alternate, opposite, ampulliform, 14–23x4–6
µm. Mycelial setae few, grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight, flexuous to curved, acute at the tip, up
to 185µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, verrucose, up to 115µm diameter; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 26–29x11–12 µm.
Meliola litseae Sydow var. keralensis Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 238, 1990 (keralense);
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 240, 1996. (Fig. 90).
Materials examined: HCIO 43622, TBGT 323,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), Banasuranmala,
coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, up to 3mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
14–20x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, 26–28 µm long; stalk cells
cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells ovate, versiform, entire,
18–20x12–14 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, 18–26x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae few, mostly grouped
around perithecia, simple, acute, up to 578µm long. Perithecia mostly
scattered, seated on exappressoriate hyphae, up to 186µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
36–38x18–20 µm.
This variety differs from the type variety in
having the perithecia seated on exappressoriate mycelium.
Meliola litseae Sydow & Sydow var. rotundipoda Hansf.
, Reinwardtia 3: 88, 1954; Sydowia Bieh. 2: 57,
1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 239, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 241, 1996.
Meliola litseae Graff,
Mem. Torry Bot. Club 17: 61, 1918 (non Sydow & Sydow, 1917). (Fig. 91).
Materials examined: HCIO 43621, TBGT 287,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Actinodaphne sp. (Lauraceae), Banasuran
hills, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to undulate, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 14–20x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to curved, antrorse, rarely spreading,
24–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long;
head cells versiform, obovate, rarely truncate, entire, 16–20x8–10
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–24x10–12
µm. Mycelial setae few, straight,
simple, acute at the tip, up to 612µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 200µm in
diameter; ascospores obovate, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
44–48x18–20 µm.
The present collection has slightly longer
appressoria.
Meliola machili Yamam.
, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 23, 1941;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 54, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 239, 1990;
Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 206, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 244, 1996. (Fig. 92).
Materials examined: HCIO 50702, TBGT
4619; HCIO 50704, TBGT 4621; HCIO 51065, TBGT 4982, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Persea
macrantha
(Nees) Kosterm. (Lauraceae), Gurukulam Botanic
Garden, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 4mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, rarely form solid mycelial mat, cells
14–29x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight to curved, antrorse,
spreading, 16–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, slightly angular, truncate, entire,
12–14x9–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to unilateral,
9–14x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute
at the tip, up to 470µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 250µm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
53–55x19–22 µm.
Crooked mycelia, spreading appressoria and
mostly angular head cells of the appressoria are the distinct characters of
this species.
Common on this host in the Southern Western
Ghats
Meliola malabarensis Hansf
., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 157: 182, 1946;
Sydowia Beih. 2: 531, 1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ. 5: 161,
1973; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 240, 1990; 42: 135, 1991; Hosag., Dayal
& Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 206, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 246, 1996.
(Fig. 93)
Materials examined: HCIO 50745, TBGT
4662; HCIO 50844, TBGT 4761, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Olea dioica Roxb. (Oleaceae), Gurukulam Botanical Garden, Periya, coll. M.C. Riju & A.
Sabeena; HCIO 50915, TBGT 4832, 1.xi.2007, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 43699, TBGT 339, 19.xi.2009, Banasuranmala, coll. C.K.Biju; HCIO 49222,
TBGT 3461, 16.ii.2009, Periya, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 5mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to slightly undulate, branching opposite at wide to acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 9–16x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse to spreading, 12–17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, cylindrical, slightly
curved, entire, 9–14x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
14–26x6–7 µm. Mycelial
setae grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to
340µm long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 33–36x14–17 µm.
Epiphyllous colonies with ovate head cells of
the appressoria distinguishes this species.
Endemic to Southern Western Ghats
Meliola malacotricha Speg.
, Ann. Soc. Cienc. Argentina 22: 59, 1888;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 647, 1961; Gupta & Gupta, Indian Phytopath. 38:
390, 1985; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 247, 1996.
Meliola ipomoeae Earle
, Muhlenbergia 1: 10, 1901.
Meliola merremiae Rehm
, Philippine J. Sci. 8: 253, 1913.
Meliola hewittiae Rehm
, Philippine J. Sci. 8: 253, 1913.
Meliola ipomoeae Rehm
, Ann. Mycol. 12: 171, 1914.
Meliola lepistomonis Hansf.
, J. Linn. Soc. London 51: 277, 1937. (Fig. 94)
Materials examined: HCIO 50744, TBGT
4661; HCIO 51073, TBGT 4990, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Argyereia speciosa (L.
f.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae), Dam site, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C.
Riju; HCIO 44627, TBGT 909, 25.ix.2002, Argeyreia sp., Thirunelly,
coll. K. Vijayakumar.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm
in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae undulate to slightly crooked, branching opposite to alternate at
acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–29x4–6
µm. Appressoria opposite, 20%
alternate, straight to curved, closely antrorse to spreading, 9–14 µm
long; stalk cells very small, cylindrical to cuneate, 2–4 µm long; head
cells globose to subglobose, ovate, entire, 7–10x7–9 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 12–19x4–10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, straight, simple, acute, to obtuse at the tip, up to 550µm long;
Perithecia grouped at the centre, verrucose, up to 170µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–41x14–17 µm.
Common on this host in the this area
Meliola malacotricha Speg.
var. major Beeli
, Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. 7: 89, 1920; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 649, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 240 1990; 42: 137,
1991; Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 186, 1991; Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova
Hedwigia 58: 540, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 249, 1996. (Fig. 95)
Materials examined: HCIO 50003, TBGT
4155, 14.iii.2007, on leaves of Argyereia sp. (Convolvulaceae),
Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50349, TBGT 4266, 5.xi.2009, Merremmia
umbellata, Gurukulam Botanic Garden, Periya, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C.
Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly crooked,
branching mostly opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells
16–34x7–10 µm. Appressoria mostly opposite, about 5% unilateral, antrorse to spreading,
straight to curved, 12-14 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 2-5 µm long; head cells
ovate to subglobose, entire, 7-12 x 7-10 µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite and alternate, ampulliform, 14-21 x 7-10 µm. Mycelial
setae fairly numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple,
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 580 µm long. Perithecia scattered
to grouped, verrucose, up to 180 µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, strongly constricted at the septa, 36-43 x 12-17 µm.
This species is very close to M. bonamiae Hansf. & Deight. but differs from it in having shorter appressoria and
mycelial setae.
Meliola mangiferae Earle
, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 307, 1905;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 464, 1961; Hansf. & Thirum., Farlowia 3: 296,
1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 464, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 240,
1990; Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 186, 1991; Hosag. & Ansari, J. Andaman Sci.
Assoc. 7: 89, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 250, 1996. (Fig. 96)
Materials examined: HCIO 50914, TBGT
4831, 1.xi.2007, on leaves of Mangifera indica
L. (Anacardiaceae), Wayanad, coll. M.C. Riju;
TBGT 5588, 29.x.2007, Thirunelly, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 51298, TBGT
5178, 14.ii.2009, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 49217, TBGT 3456,
14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49217, TBGT 3457; HCIO
49806, TBGT 3958, 15.ii.2009, Begoor, coll. Gireesh et al.; HCIO 50731, TBGT
4648, 6.xi2009, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous,
dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 19–36x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, 2% unilateral,
straight to variously curved, 21–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells cylindrical, versiform, attenuated and
rounded at the apex, entire to subangular, straight to curved,
16–24x9–12 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 16–24x4–10 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous, scattered, simple, straight, acute,
obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 720µm long; perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 230µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to ellipsoidal, middle
cell slightly larger, 50–55x24–26 µm.
This species was observed in all the seasons on
the cultivated and wild mango trees.
This is the only Meliola species known on
this host genus. It infects both
cultivated and wild Mango trees. Biochemical analysis of the host plant may
reveal several interesting facts regarding the harmful or useful nature of the
fungus.
Meliola mayapeae Stev., Illinois Biol. Monograph 2: 48, 1916; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 536, 1961; Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 206, 1993;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 252, 1996. (Fig. 97)
Materials examined: HCIO 49962, TBGT 4114,
30.ix.2007, on leaves of Ligustrum sp. (Oleaceae), Puthuserrykadavu,
coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diam.,
often confluent. Hyphae straight to
flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
15–34x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, reflexed to spreading, mostly straight,
15–18.5 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6.5 µm long.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
15–18.5x7–9.5 µm. Mycelial
setae grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip,
up to 235µm long. Perithecia
loosely grouped, up to 186µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, 37–40.5x15–18.5 µm.
Meliola mayapiicola Stev. var. indica Hosag.
, Nova Hedwigia 47: 541, 1988; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 253, 1996. (Fig. 98)
Materials examined: HCIO 43619, TBGT 308,
11.xi.1998, on leaves of Chionanthus mala-elengi
(Dennst.) Green (Linociera malabarica
Wallich ex G. Don) (Oleaceae), Banasuranmala,
coll. C.K.Biju; HCIO 49631, TBGT 3873; HCIO 49638, TBGT 3880, 16.ix.2008, Linociera
malabarica Wallich ex G. Don, Periya, coll. M. Harish & P.J
Robin; HCIO 49632, TBGT 3874; HCIO 49640, TBGT 3882, 17.ix.2008, coll. Harish
& P.J Robin; HCIO 49770, TBGT 3922, 13.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob
Thomas et al.; HCIO 49772, TBGT 3924, 14.ii.2009, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.;
HCIO 49643, TBGT 3885, 18.ix.2008, coll. Harish & P.J Robin; HCIO 49812,
TBGT 3964, 16.ii.2009, Begoor,
coll. Gireesh et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, rarely hypophyllous,
dense, crustose to velvety, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching mostly
opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
15–34x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to recurved, 18–25 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–10 µm long; head cells ovate,
cylindrical, entire, rarely angular to sublobate, 12–16x9–13
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 12–19x9–13
µm. Mycelial setae grouped around
perithecia, straight to curved, simple, acute at the tip, up to 500µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 125µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 40–47x12–18 µm.
This taxon mostly associated with M.
linocierae-malabaricae and can be easily distinguished by their smaller
epiphyllous colonies.
The present collection slightly varies in having
smaller ascospores than to the assigned taxon.
Meliola millettiae-chrysophyllae Deight.
var. indica Hosag., Siddappa & Udaiyan
, Nova Hedwigia 56: 198, 1993; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 257, 1996. (Fig. 99)
Materials examined: HCIO 43645, TBGT 310,
19.xi.1998, on leaves of Derris benthamii (Thwaites) Thwaites (Fabaceae),
Banasuranmala, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin to crustose, up to
5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–40x6–8
µm. Appressoria alternate and
opposite, straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 12–18 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 µm long; head cells ovate, globose to
subglobose, entire, 9–13x6–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 12–19x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous,
scattered, straight to curved but not uncinate, acute, obtuse to minutely
dentate at the tip, up to 560µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 210µm in diameter; ascospores oblong
to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 38–42x12–16
µm.
This taxon was known on Millettia splendens from
Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Here very few
setae are minutely dentate at the tip and there are every chances of missing
this character. Except slightly
long appressoria, the present collection matches well with the assigned taxa.
This taxon was only known from the present
locality in Kerala. The collection
reveals its distribution towards the Southern tips of Western Ghats.
Meliola nairii Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 409, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 262, 1996. (Fig. 100)
Materials examined: TBGT 5943, 10.xi.2007, on
leaves of Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker (Amoora rohituka Wight & Arn.) (Meliaceae), 16th Mile, Padinharathara,
coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, minute, subdense, up to
2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight,
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 18–31x6–9.5 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, 12–15.5 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–6 µm long; head cells ovate, broadly rounded at the apex, straight to
curved, entire, 9–12.5x6–9.5 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 18–22x9–12.5 µm. Mycelial setae few, grouped around
perithecia, straight, flexuous, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 310µm long.
Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 155µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 31–34x15–18.5 µm.
Meliola neolitseae Yamam.
, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 24, 1941;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 50, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 241, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 264, 1996. (Fig. 101)
Materials examined: HCIO 45151, TBGT 1206,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Neolitsea sp. (Lauraceae), Banasuran
mala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 43697, TBGT 341, 17.ii.2000, on Cryptocarya sp., Chembra hills, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies hypophyllous, subdense, subvelvety, up
to 8mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to tortuous, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 18–22x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse, spreading, 22–28 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells clavate, versiform,
angulose, entire to slightly lobate, 14–22x12–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 18–26x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, straight,
simple, acute to 2-3 dentate, up to 900µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 210µm
in diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
46–52x20–24 µm.
This is the only known species on this host
genus in the Western Ghats.
Meliola nothopegiae Hansf.
, Sydowia 10: 80, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 469,
1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ. 6: 163, 1973; Hosag., Lakshmanan
& Viswanathan, Indian J. Bot. 11: 187, 1988; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
37: 242, 1990; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 113, 1994;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 266, 1996. (Fig. 102)
Materials examined: TBGT
6178, 15.iii.2007, on leaves of Nothopegia sp. (Anacardiaceae),
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae of the epiphyllous colonies straight, branching regularly
opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate. While the hyphae of the hypophyllous
colonies crooked, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, cells
18–26x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, subantrorse to antrorse, 24–36 µm long;
stalk cells cuneate, 6–14 µm long; head cells cylindrical, versiform,
slightly angulose, entire, 16–22x12–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 10–20x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 675µm long.
Perithecia scattered to aggregated, up to 164µm in diam.; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 44–50x18–20 µm.
This is the only species known on this host
genus
Meliola oleacearum Hosag.
, Sydowia 54: 55, 2002; Hosag., Meliolales of
India 2: 293, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic Studies of
Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 205, 2008. (Fig. 103)
Materials examined: HCIO 48041, TBGT
2824, 6.xii.2006, on leaves of Olea dioica
Roxb.
(Oleaceae), Kunkichira, Periya, coll. M. Harish, V. Gireesh Kumar & K.
Anilkumar; TBGT 3933; HCIO 49626, TBGT 3868, 15.ii.2009, coll. Jacob Thomas et
al., 19.ix.2008, Pulpally, coll. M.Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49060, TBGT
3315, 17.ix.2008, Perya coll. M.Harish & P.J. Robin.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense, up to 5mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–29x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse, retrorse to spreading, 16–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 4–10 µm long; head cells ovate, cylindrical, slightly
truncate at the apex, entire, 9–17x7–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–26x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 320µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 160µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 33–38x14–19 µm.
The present species is similar to Meliola
petiolaris Doidge known on Olea laurifolia from South Africa
(Hansford, 1961) in having curved to uncinate mycelial setae. However, the present taxon differs from
it in having shorter appressoria and straight, sigmoid, flexuous and uncinate
setae.
Meliola oleicola Doidge, Bothalia 1: 73, 1922. (Fig. 104)
Material examined: HCIO 45294, TBGT 1332,
16.iv.1999, on leaves of Ligustrum sp. (Oleaceae), Banasuranmala, coll.
C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous,thin to subdense, up to 2mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 20–27x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 17–35 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 5–17 µm long; head cells ovate, clavate, entire,
12–17x7–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
17–27x5–7 µm long. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip,
up to 300µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 100µm in diameter; ascospores
oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
32–35x12–15µm.
Meliola oligomera Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 190, 1917; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 345, 1961; Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 43: 29, 2005; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, 2: 293, 2008.
Meliola reinkingii Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 18: 98, 1920. (Fig. 105)
Materials examined: HCIO 44799, TBGT
1036, 22.xii.2002, on leaves of Hippocratea sp.
(Hippocrateaceae), periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching alternate to irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–23x6–7
µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse
to subantrorse, straight to rarely curved, 20–31 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–13 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, angular,
sublobate to irregularly lobate, 14–18x12–18 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 17–21x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple, mostly
straight, often curved, acute at the tip, up to 300µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
up to 200µm in diameter; ascospores 3-septate, straight but slightly curved
during germination, constricted at the septa, 44–47x14–16 µm.
This species differs from Meliola
hippocrateicola Hansf. & Dieght. in having all alternate appressoria.
Meliola panici Earle
, Muchlenbergia 1: 12, 1901; Hansf., Sydowia
Beih. 2: 745, 1961; Gupta & Gupta, Indian Phytopath. 58: 390, 1985; Hosag.
& Goos, Mycotaxon 42: 136, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 276, 1996.
(Fig. 106)
Materials examined: TBGT 3932, 18.ii.2009, on
leaves of Poaceae (Grass), Muthanga, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter. Mycelium straight to
substraight, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 14–21x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved antrorse to recurved, 14–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–7 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, angular to
sublobate, 11–16x12–15 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 12–16x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae few, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, upto
335µm long. Perithecia mostly grouped, verrucose, up to 156µm in diameter;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
33–37x11–14 µm.
This is the most common species on the members
of the family Poaceae. Common in southern Western Ghats.
Meliola phyllanthigena Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 3(1):
7, 2013. (Fig. 107)
Materials examined: TBGT 6233 (holotype),
2.ii.2008, on leaves of Phyllanthus sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Periya, coll.
M.C. Riju et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, up to 2mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely
and densely reticulate, cells 16–27x6–10 μm. Appressoria densely arranged, alternate,
antrorse, subantrorse to closely antrorse, 25–34 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–13 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, entire, 17–22x11–15 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate
to opposite, ampulliform, 22–29x6–10 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, closely
scattered, simple, straight, about 10% uncinate, acute at the tip, up to
300μm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 130μm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical,
4-septate, slightly constricted at septa, 48–51x18–20 μm.
This is a unique species of the genus known on
the members of Euphorbiaceae in having uncinate mycelial setae (Hansford 1961).
Meliola plectroniae Hansf.
, Sydowia 9: 72, 1955; Beih. 2: 702, 1961;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 284, 1996; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37:
228, 1990 (Fig. 108).
Meliola coilicosa Nair & Kaul
, Sydowia 36: 204, 1983.
Materials examined: TBGT 4073, 30.x.2007, on
leaves of Canthium dicoccum
(Gaertn.) Teys & Benn. (Plectronia
umbellata
Benth. & Hook.) (Rubiaceae), Wayanad, coll.
A. Chandraprabha.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, up to 5mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching mostly alternate, branches of the main
hyphae tortuous, loosely reticulate, cells 18–30x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
variously curved, 24–34 µm long; stalk cells aseptate to many septate,
tortuous, aseptate stalk cells 8–16 µm long, while, septate stalk cells
up to 80µm long; head cells semilunar, versiform, ovate, angular, straight to
mostly curved, 16–22x10–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
20–24x8–10 µm. Mycelial
setae thinly scattered, simple, straight, acute, up to 360µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 110µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, ellipsoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 52–56x16–18 µm.
Dense colonies and variously curved multiseptate
appressoria distinguish this species.
Meliola premnigena Hosag. & Riju, Plant Pathology &
Quarantine 1(2), 121, 2011; Hosag., J. Threatened Taxa 5(6): 4046, 2013.
(Fig. 109).
Material examined: HCIO 51189, TBGT
5069, 10.i.2011, on leaves of Premna glaberrima Wight (Verbenaceae),
Banasuran mala, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, velvety, up to 5 mm in
diam. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite at acute to wide angles,
cells 15–25x5–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 15–23 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 5–8 μm long; head cells globose, subglobose, entire to
sublobate, 10–18x7–13 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, 14–23x4–6 μm.
Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, slightly curved to uncinate, up to
300 μm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to oblong,
4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 32–38x12–15 μm.
Based on the alternate appressoria and simple
setae, this species comes close to M. cookeana Speg. and M. premnae Hansf. However, it differs from the former in not having
inflated, dentate or furcate apex of mycelial setae. It differs from the latter in having
straight hyphae and mycelial setae in contrast to flexuous, crooked, uncinate
and twisted mycelial setae (Hansford 1961). It also differs from M. premnicola in having only obtuse mycelial setae in contrast to variously dentate ones
(Hosagoudar 1996).
Meliola psophocarpi Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened
Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010; Hosag., J. Threatened
Taxa 5(6): 4046, 2013. (Fig. 110; Image 9).
Material examined: 30.xi.2007, HCIO 48174 (holotype), TBGT 2910 (isotype), on leaves of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. (Fabaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju; HCIO 50351, TBGT
4268, 6.xi.2009, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies foliicolous, fructicolous, epiphyllous, thin, scattered, up to
3mm in diameter, often confluent. Hyphae undulate, branching mostly opposite at
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–33x4–7
μm. Appressoria alternate,
unilateral, up to 3% opposite, straight to slightly
curved, subantrorse to retrorse, 11-20μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–11 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, 8–11 μm
in diam. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate, opposite, unilateral, ampulliform, 13–20x6–9 μm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to
obtuse at the tip, up to 360μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical,
4- septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 33–38x8–11 μm.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus is a climbing shrub, native of South East Asia, has been extensively
cultivated in the backyards for its quadrangular pods used in the culinary
purposes. The leaves of this plant
is being infected with the black mildew fungus and
is similar to M. nyanzae in having the same digital formula but differs from it in not being a
strong parasite in producing pathogenic symptoms (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar
1996; Hu et al. 1996, 1999).
Meliola pushpangadanii Hosag.
& Abraham
in Hosag., Abraham & Goos, Mycotaxon 66:
106, 1998; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 311, 2008; Hosag. &
Agarwal, Taxonomic Studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 217, 2008. (Fig. 111)
Materials examined: TBGT 4043,
16.ix.2008, on leaves of Persea sp. (Lauraceae), Periya, coll. Harish et
al.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin, subvelvety,
scattered, spreading, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae crooked, branching irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 31–50x4–7
µm. Appressoria scattered,
alternate, antrorse, ubantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 16–22 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–9 µm long; head cells
globose, entire, 14–17x16–19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–22x9–12 µm. Mycelial setae fairly numerous, mostly
grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to flexuous, acute at the tip, up
to 1580µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 220µm in diameter; ascospores slightly fusiform, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 40–43x16–19 µm.
This species differs
from Meliola cryptocariicola Hosag. & Raghu and M. patileana Hosag. in having only alternate appressoria, straight to flexuous and acute
mycelial setae (Hosagoudar, 1996).
Endemic to Southern
Western Ghats
Meliola quadrispina Racib.
, Parasit. Algen and Pilze Java’s 3: 33, 1900;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 646, 1961; Thite & Patil, Kavaka 10: 30, 1982;
Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 244, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
293, 1996.
Meliola quadrifurcata Rehm
, Philippine J. Sci. 8: 181, 1913; Leafl.
Philippine Bot. 6: 2194, 1914. (Fig. 112)
Materials examined:
HCIO 50349, TBGT 4266, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Merremia unbellata (L.)
Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae), Gurukulam Botanic Garden, Periya, coll. A. Sabeena
& M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
caulicolous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae undulate to tortuous, branching
irregular, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–40x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, spreading, straight to curved, 16–24 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–14 µm long; head cells ovate, versiform,
angulose, rarely irregularly sublobate, 10–16x12–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–24x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, uniformly
scattered, dichotomously branched, length till the first branching is up to
162µm, from first to second branching up to 24µm long and the final branchlets
up to 136µm long, obtuse to acute at the tip. Perithecia mostly grouped, up to 261µm
in diameter; ascospores broadly obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
40–50x14–22 µm.
Branched mycelial setae
are the characters of this species.
Meliola scleropyri Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 247, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 307, 1996. (Fig. 113).
Materials examined: HCIO 49220, TBGT 3459, 15.ii.2009, on leaves of Scleropyrum pentandrum
(Dennst.) Mabberley (Santalaceae), Begur, coll.
Jacob Thomas et al.,
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 19–26x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, subantrorse to antrorse, 16–24 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–10 µm long; head cells ovate to
subglobose, rarely subangular, entire, 12–17x9–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
straight to slightly curved, flexuous, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up
to 360µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 110µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 33–41x12–17 µm.
This species differs
from Meliola hainanensis Hu reported on Scleropyrum wallichianum from China. However, differs from
it in having only alternate and longer appressoria, simple and not dentate
mycelial setae and also ascospores are smaller (Hosagoudar et al. 1997;
Hu et al. 1997, 1999).
Endemic to Southern
Western Ghats.
Meliola stenospora Wint.
, Hedwigia 25: 97, 1886; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 75, 1961; Hosag. & Raghu, New Botanist 20: 72, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales
of India, p. 314, 1996. (Fig. 114).
Materials examined: HCIO 49255, TBGT 3582, 17.ix.2008, on leaves of Piper sp.
(Piperaceae), Periya, coll. Gireesh
Kumar et al.; HCIO 44385, TBGT 610, 5.ii.2002, Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies
hypophyllous, thin, spreading, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly crooked,
branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 19–27x8–10µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight to curved, antrorse to
spreading, 19–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8
µm long; head cells truncate, angular to slightly lobate,
12–16x14–19 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 16–24x8–11 µm. Mycelial setae simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 450µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
180µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to slightly crescent shaped,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–43x12–16 µm.
Infects the plants
growing in shade and moisture
Meliola stenospora Wint. var. major Hansf., Sydowia
16: 303, 1963; Patil & Pawar, Indian Phytopathol. 39: 306, 1986; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 316, 1996.
Meliola stenospora Wint. var. major Hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 75, 1961. (Fig. 115).
Materials examined:
HCIO 49255, TBGT 3494, 17.ix.2008, on leaves of Piper sp. (Piperaceae),
Periya, coll. Gireesh Kumar et al.
Colonies mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, thinly velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 20–25x8–10
µm. Appressoria alternate, about 1%
opposite, spreading to antrorse, straight to curved, 17–23 µm long; stalk
cells cuneate to cylindrical, 3–9 µm long; head cells subglobose with
crenate to lobulate margin, 11–15x12–20 µm. Phialides borne on a
separate mycelial branch, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
17–20x7–9 µm. Mycelial
setae mostly grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute, up to 1000µm
long. Perithecia loosely grouped,
verrucose, up to 170µm in diam.; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 37–43x11–15 µm.
Meliola
sterculiacearum Hosag. & Kamar.
in Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 43: 31,
2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 325, 2008. (Fig. 116).
Materials examined:
HCIO 44786, TBGT 1023, 22.xii.2002, on leaves of Sterculia sp.
(Sterculiaceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, spreading, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely to very closely reticulate
and form a solid mycelial mat, cells 14–16x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
closely antrorse, 12–16 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–5 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 8–12x9–11
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14–16x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae thinly scattered, simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 450µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
160µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 36–39x16–18 µm.
Based on the Beeli
formula, 3111.3222, this species can be compared with Meliola melochiae Hansf. However, differs from it in
having dense colonies, straight hyphae, antrorse appressoria and longer
mycelial setae. Meliola
sterculiae Hansf. & Deight. known on Sterculia tragacantha from
Uganda but M. sterculiacearum differs from it in absence of 15% opposite
appressoria, having simple setae and smaller ascospores (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola
subramanyaensis Hosag., J.
Mycopathol. Res. 43: 207, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 331, 2008;
Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual,
p. 232, 2008. (Fig. 117)
Materials examined:
HCIO 49809, TBGT 3961, 15.ix.2008, on leaves of Cyclea peltata
Cooke (Menispermaceae), Nagarhole, coll. Robin
et al.
Colonies epiphyllous,
dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 16–22x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
16–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–10 µm long;
head cells ovate, oblong, clavate, often attenuated at the apex, entire,
11–17x9–11 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 13–24x6–9 µm. Mycelial setae mostly grouped around perithecia, simple, straight,
flexuous to curved, up to 2% uncinate, obtuse at the tip, up to 312µm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 171µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 31–36x11–15 µm.
The present species
has flexuous to uncinate mycelial setae which distinguishes it from Meliola
cissampelicola Hansf. & Thirum. and M. cycleae Hosag. known on
the members of the family Menispermaceae from the Western Ghats of Peninsular
India (Hansford, 1961; Hosagoudar, 1996).
Meliola symplocicola Yamam.
, Trans., Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 57, 1941;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 519, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 249, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 318, 1996. (Fig. 118).
Materials examined:
HCIO 49811,TBGT 3963, 15.ii.2009, on leaves of Symplocos cochinchinensis
(Lour.) Moore ssp. laurina (Retz.)
Nooteboom (Symplocaceae), Periya, coll. Gireesh et al.; HCIO 48088, TBGT 2871,
6.xii.2006, Symplocos sp., Kunkichira, Periya, coll. M. Harish, V.
Gireesh Kumar & Anilkumar.
Colonies
hypophyllous, subdense, velvety, up to 8 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching mostly opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 18-34 x 6-8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight
to variously curved, antrorse, spreading, 22-26 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6-10 µm long; head cells globose, angulose, truncate,
variously curved, entire, 12-18 x 8-12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20-30 x 8-10 µm. Mycelial setae grouped
around perithecia, straight, simple, acute, very few 2-3 dentate, up to 360 µm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to 200 µm in diam.; ascospores 4-septate,
obovoidal to cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 48-59 x 16-20 µm.
This is the only
species known on this host plant from India
Meliola syzygiigena Hosag. & Kamar., Zoos Print J. 18: 1061,
2002; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 334, 2008. (Fig. 119)
Materials examined: HCIO 44386, TBGT 594, 6.ii.2002, on leaves of Syzygium sp.
(Myrtaceae), Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies hypophyllous,
dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 25–28x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, less than 1%
opposite, antrorse, subantrorse, retrorse, straight, curved to uncinate,
16–23 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8 µm long;
head cells ovate, oblong, cylindrical, straight to curved, entire, broadly
rounded to truncate at the apex, 12–16x6–8 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered,
simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 294µm long. Perithecia loosely grouped, verrucose,
up to 144µm in diameter, wall cells projected; ascospores oblong to
subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 43–48x15–18
µm.
Based on the Beeli
formula and the morphology of the head cells of the appressoria, the present
species, Meliola syzygigena is similar to an endemic species, Meliola
ranganathi Hansf. but differs from it in having hypophyllous velvet
colonies, distantly placed and variously curved appressoria (Hansford, 1961;
Hosagoudar, 1996).
Meliola tamarindi Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 10: 79, 1912;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 250, 1961; Hosag & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 249, 1990;
Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 208, 1988; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu
& Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 116, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 321, 1996.
(Fig. 120).
Materials examined:
M.C HCIO 51032, TBGT 4949, 11.x.2008, on leaves of Tamarindus indica L.
(Caesalpiniaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae undulate to tortuous, branching
opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 16–28x6–10 µm. Appressoria alternate to 5% opposite,
antrorse, spreading, straight to curved, 19–29 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–12 µm long; head cells ovate, angular, entire
to sublobate, straight to curved, 13–20x10–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, scattered, 15–28x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, obtuse at the tip, up to 463µm long. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 155µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 45–50x17–20 µm.
This is the only
species known on this host plant.
Meliola tecleae Hansf. var. toddaliae-asiaticae Hansf.
, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153: 11, 1941; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 392, 1962; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 323, 1996. (Fig.
121)
Materials examined:
HCIO 42963, TBGT 249, 11.viii.1998, on leaves of Toddalia asiatica
(L.) Lam. (Rutaceae), Tirunelly, coll. C.K.
Biju; HCIO 50016, TBGT 4168, 14.ii.2009, coll. Girish Kumar et al. TBGT 5715,
30.ix.2007, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous,
dense, scattered, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, branching mostly
opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
28–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to curved, antrorse to subantrorse,
19–29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–9 µm long;
head cells oblong to cylindrical, often clavate, entire, 16–19x8–11
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–21x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped
around perithecia, simple, straight, acute at the tip, up to 588µm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
up to 250µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, strongly
constricted at the septa, 48–50x18–20 µm.
This species is
recorded from different parts of southern Western Ghats
Meliola tenella Pat.
, Mycol. 10: 140, 1888; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2:
381, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 324, 1996. (Fig. 122 & Image
10).
Materials examined: TBGT 3930, 18.ii.2009, on leaves of Murraya paniculata
(L.) Jack. (M. exotica L.) (Rutaceae),
Muthanga, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49393, TBGT 3638, 14.ii.2009, Atlantia sp., Tirunely, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 49972, TBGT 4124,
14.iii.2007, Murraya sp., Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate to form
mycelial mat, cells 14–34x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
spreading, straight to curved, 16–26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 4–7 µm long; head cells cylindrical, elongated, straight to
curved, entire, 12–14x8–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate,
16–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, straight, dichotomously branched, 240µm long up to
first branching, first ray up to 60µm long, second ray up to 40µm long and third
ray up to 10µm long, acute to obtuse at the tip, branches reflexed. Perithecia
scattered, verrucose, up to 220µm in diameter; ascospores subellipsoidal to
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 40–50x16–24 µm.
Common in Western Ghats region of Kerala.
Meliola themedicola Hosag.,
C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 498, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of
India 2: 341, 2008. (Fig. 123)
Materials examined: HCIO 43640, TBGT 315, 17.ii.2000, on leaves of Themeda triandra
Forssk. (Poaceae), Chembra hills, coll. C.K.
Biju.
Colonies mostly
epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 2mm diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching
irregular at acute angles, loosely to very closely reticulate and form solid mycelial
mat, cells 20–26x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, more scattered, antrorse to recurved, 19–56
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical, often flexuous, wall rugose, mostly
unicellular, often 1–2-septate, 8–39 µm long; head cells ovate to
globose, entire, angular, sublobate to irregularly and deeply lobate,
11–20x11–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–19x8–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute
to broadly obtuse at the tip, up to 350µm long. Perithecia loosely grouped,
verrucose, up to 175µm diameter; ascospores oblong to mostly cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 48–52x14–20 µm.
Meliola themedae Stev. & Rold. ex Hansf. and M. themedae Stev. & Rold. ex Hansf. var. indica Hosag. are known on this host
genus. M. themedicola differs from both in having aseptate to septate
and long stalk cells of the appressoria. It also differs from M. panici Earle var. major Hansf.
(having the same Beeli formula 3111. 5222) in having septate basal cell, entire
to deeply lobate head cells of appressoria and phialides mixed with
appressoria.
Meliola unonicola Hosag. & Abraham, Kavaka 24: 16, 1996;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, 2: 348, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic
studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 301, 2008. (Fig. 124).
Materials examined:
HCIO 43638, TBGT 317; HCIO 47450, TBGT 2488, 16.iv.1999, on leaves of Meiogyne
pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair (Unona pannosa
Dalz.) (Annonaceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K.
Biju.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching mostly
opposite at acute angles, very closely reticulate and form solid mycelial mat,
cells 15–19x7–10 µm. Appressoria opposite, rarely alternate and unilateral, closely antrorse
to antrorse, 20–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6
µm long; head cells ovate, cylindrical, broadly rounded to attenuated at the
apex, entire 11–16x8–11 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
13–24x6–9 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, densely scattered, simple, uncinate, sickle-shaped, septate,
obtuse at the tip, up to 384 µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 242µm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
43–47x16–19 µm.
This present taxon
can be compared with Meliola uvariicola Hansf. but differs from it in
having amphigenous, dense and
velvety colonies, closely antrorse appressoria and uncinate mycelial setae
(Hansford 1961).
Meliola vatsavayae Hosag
. & M.C. Riju, Indian J. Sci. and Technol. 2: 6, 2009. (Fig. 125)
Materials examined:
HCIO 48299, TBGT 3018, 22.iii.2008, on leaves of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) DC. (Rutaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense, velvety, scattered to confluent, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 13–18x6–11 μm. Appressoria alternate, rarely
unilateral, often crowded, antrorse, straight, 24–40 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 8–13 μm long; head cells ovate,
angular, sinuately lobate to deeply lobate, 15–27x9–18
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, mostly opposite, rarely alternate to unilateral, ampulliform,
22–31x4–9 μm. Mycelial setae straight to slightly curved, scattered to grouped around
perithecia, obtuse at the tip, up to 270μm long. Perithecia scattered, up
to 110μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal, 4-
septate, constricted at the septa, 37–44x15–20 μm.
Based on the digital
formula 3113.4221, this species can be compared with M. toddaliicola Hansf. and M. toddaliicola Hanf. indica Hansf. & Thirum.
known on the host genus Toddalia from Uganda and India,
respectively. However, the present
new species differs from both in having angular, sinuately to deeply lobate
head cells of the appressoria (Hansford 1961; Hosagoudar 1996, 2008; Hosagoudar
et al. 1997).
Meliola wendlandiae Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 251, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 340, 1996 (Fig. 126).
Materials examined:
HCIO 43693, TBGT 346; 319, HCIO 43635, TBGT 319, 18.xi.1998, on leaves of Wendlandia
thyrsoidea (Roemer & Schults) Steudel (Rubiaceae), Chembra hills, coll.
C.K. Biju; HCIO 44390, TBGT 714, 6.xi.2001, Brahmagiri, coll. S. Shiburaj; HCIO
49905, TBGT 4057, 11.xi.2007, Wenlandia sp., Banasuramalai, coll.
A. Chandraprabha; HCIO 50917, TBGT 4834, 23.xii.2008, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly hypophyllous, subdense, subvelvety, up to 4mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae sinuous to
crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 18–32x6–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, spreading,
antrorse, 20–30 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 6–12
µm long; head cells ovate, narrow towards apex, slightly angular, entire,
15–18x12–14 µm. Phialides borne on a separate mycelial branch, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 14–20x8–10 µm. Mycelial setae few, grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute
to subacute at apex, up to 344µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 168µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–46x12–18 µm.
This is the only
species known on this host genus from India.
Meliola zanthoxyli Hansf.
, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 158: 37, 1946; Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 2: 386, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 341, 1996. (Fig.
127)
Materials examined:
HCIO 43634, TBGT 326, 2.vi.2000, on leaves of Zanthoxylum tetraspermum
Wight & Arn. (Rutaceae), Mannavan shola,
coll. C.K. Biju; TBGT 6215, 6.ix.2009, Zanthoxylum sp., Wayanad,
coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies epiphyllous,
dense, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly flexuous,
branching opposite to alternate at acute angles, closely reticulate and form
solid mycelial mat, cells 19–27x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
30–37 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 11–18 µm long;
head cells globose, ovate, stellately sublobate to lobate,
19–21x19–26 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
17–27x8–11 µm. Mycelial
setae densely scattered all over the colonies, simple, sickle-shaped, curved to
very closely arcuate, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 335µm long. Perithecia loosely to closely scattered,
up to 250µm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 50–53x17–23 µm.
This species occurs
throughout the Western Ghats of Peninsular India and was also associated with Asterina
zanthoxyli Yamam.
Meliola ziziphi Hansf. & Thirum.
, Farlowia 3: 299, 1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.
2: 368, 1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ. 6: 163, 1972; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 251, 1990; Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 187, 1991; Meliolales
of India, p. 342, 1996. (Fig. 128).
Materials examined:
HCIO 50715, TBGT 4632, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Ziziphus sp. (Rhamnaceae),
Chennalode, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; TBGT 6196, 26.iii.2009,
Kandeykayal, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous,
mostly epiphyllous, thin, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20–38x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite, straight, spreading, antrorse,
10–14 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–6 µm long;
head cells globose, entire, 8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
16–18x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered and grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to
variously dentate at the tip, up to 342µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 116µm in
diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
30–32x10–12 µm.
This is the only
species known on this host genus
Materials to be
identified
Meliola sp.
Materials examined: HCIO 45097, TBGT 1152, 21.iv.2003, on Litsea deccanensis, Periya,
Wyanad, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose; HCIO 45270, TBGT 1308, 18.iv.1999,
on Allophyllus concanicus, Chembra, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 48179, TBGT
2915, 10.xi.2007, Allophyllus sp., 16th mile,
Padinharathara.
MELIOLINACEAE
This family
constitutes a single genus, Meliolina, comprising 36 species (Hughes,
1993). However, the present study
represents a single species.
Meliolina pulcherrima (H. Sydow & P. Sydow) H. Sydow & P.
Sydow, Ann.Mycol. 12: 553, 1914 (Image 11).
Material examined: HCIO 44895, TBGT 1124, 21.iv.2003, on leaves of Syzygium
cumini L. (Myrtaceae), Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose;
HCIO 49996, TBGT 4148, 17.ix.2008, Syzigium sp., Periya, coll.
P.J. Robin.
Colonies
hypophyllous, black, thick, wooly, velvety, 3–5 mm in
diameter, a pinkish or discoloration occurs on the opposite surface of the
leaves, and some times it is also evident on the upper surface. Superficial hyphae form a cushion of
closly interwoven, irregularly branched, brown to dark brown hyphae, septate,
cells 32–43 µm
long and 7–10 µm
wide. Phialophores arising as
branches of the compact superficial hyphae, densely crowded, up to 128µm long,
flexuous, simple, or 1 or 2 dichotomously or irregularly branched and clearly
differeniated into stalk and branches, 5–7 µm wide, brown towards the base, narrowing
slightly to 3µm wide and brown to pale brown towards the ends of the branches
which bear a single phialide. Philides straight to curved, funnel shaped, 30–37x3–6
µm. Phialoconidia scanty and
minute. Perthecia black. Perthecial phialophores absent. Paraphysis persistant, more or less
cylindrical, septate, often in pairs on a short basal cell, 3–5 µm wide towards the base, tapering to 2–3 µm at the rounded apex. Asci obovoid, and eight spored, upto
45µm long; ascospores ellipsoidal, brown, 3-septate, scarsely constricted at
the septa, 20–36x7–11 µm. Polar caps hyaline.
Order Asterinales
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, with or without
appressoria, nutrient mycelium and leaf permeating stroma present. Ascomata ectophytic, dimidiate,
orbicular, elliptic, elongated, X or Y shaped, with radiating cells,
astomatous, orbicular thyriothecia dehisce stellately at the center, elliptic,
elongated, X or Y-shaped thyriothecia dehisce vertically with a central suture;
asci globose, spherical, oval or rarely cylindrical, octosporous, bitunicate;
ascospores two to many septate, conglobate, hyaline, brown at maturity.
Type Family:
Asterinaceae.
Key to the families of the order Asterinales
1. Thyriothecia
orbicular, dehisce stellately at the center
..........................................................Asterinaceae
1. Thyriothecia
oval to elongated, X or Y shaped, dehisce longitudinally at the
center.......... ........................................................................................Lembosiaceae
The family Asterinaceae
Asterinaceae Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946; Arx & Muller,
Stud. Mycol. 9: 40, 1975; Hosag., Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res.
39: 62, 2001; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 625, 2012.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, with or without
appressoria, nutrient mycelium and leaf permeating stroma present. Ascomata ectophytic, dimidiate,
orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center;
asci globose, spherical, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores two to many
septate, conglobate, hyaline to brown.
Type Genus: Asterina Lev.
KEY TO THE GENERA
Appressoria
present.........................................2
Appressoria absent...........................Prillieuxina
Appressoria in clusters.................Ishwaramyces
2. Appressoria
not so...........................................4
3. Ascospores
two septate and one cell taper...........................................Meliolaster
3. Ascospores
not so............................................
4. Appressoria
intercalary.................Asterolibertia
4. Appressoria
lateral................................Asterina
The genus Asterina
Asterina Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser., 3(3):57, 1845; Hansf.,
Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946b; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 42, 1975; Hosag.,
Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 32, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 632, 2012.
Dimerosporium Fuckel, Symb. Mycol. p. 86, 1870.
Asterella (Sacc.) Speg. ex Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 393, 1891 non P. de Beauvois 1805.
Myxasterina Hohnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 118: 870, 1909.
Englerulaster Hohnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 119: 454, 1910.
Parasterina Theiss., Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 246, 1917.
Calothyriolum Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cien. Cordoba 23: 498, 1919.
Opeasterina Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cien. Cordoba 23: 498, 1919.
Englera F. Stev. in Stev. & Ryan, Illinois. Biol. Monogr.
17: 45, 1939.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral, setae absent. Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous,
dehisce stellately at the center; asci globose, octosporous, bitunicate;
ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type
sp.: A. melastomatis Lév.
Anamorphs: Asterostomella
Speg., Clasterosporium Schwein, Mahanteshamyces Hosag.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
(Based on host families)
Acanthaceae
Asterina
1. Appressoria
entire...............Asterina betonicae
1. Appressoria
lobed......................Asterina tertia
Alangiaceae
Asterina
Single species.....................................Asterina
perpusilla
Aristolochiaceae
Asterina
Single species.......................................Asterina
thotteae
Asclepiacaceae
Asterina
1. On Wattakakka.............Asterina travancorensis
On Gymnema......................Asterina
gymnemae
Caprifoliaceae
Asterina
Single
species....................................Asterina viburnicola
Celastraceae
Asterina
Single
species...........................Asterina microtropidicola
Chloranthaceae
Asterina
Single
species....................................Asterina sarcandrae
Dipterocarpaceae
Asterolibertia
On Vateria.....................................Asterolibertia
vateriae
Elaeocarpaceae
Asterina
Appressoria ovate, oblong, ascospores less
than
30μm long................Asterina elaeocarpi var. ovalis
Appressoria ovate, conoid, rounded at the apex,
ascospores more than 30 μm long...........................Asterina
gamsii
Erythropalaceae
Asterina
Single
species..............................Asterina erythropalicola
Euphorbiaceae
Asterina
On Aporusa..........................................Asterina
aporusae
On Glochidion............................................................
................................Asterina lobulifera Sydow var. indica
Meliolaster
Single
species..................................Meliolaster aporusae
Flacourtiaceae
Single
species....................................Asterina arkemibeyi
Ishwaramyces
Single
species...........................Ishwaramyces flacourtiae
Gentianaceae
Asterina
Single
species................................Asterina enicostematis
Lauraceae
Asterina
1. On Cryptocarya.............Asterina
cryptocariicola
1. On Litsea.................Asterina litseae-ligustrinae
Loranthaceae
Asterina
Single
species......................................Asterina deightonii
Prillieuxina
Single
species.................................Prillieuxina anamirtae
Magnoliaceae
Asterina
1.
Ascospores 22–25x10–13 μm .........................................Asterina
micheliifolia
1.
Ascospores 25–33x15–18 μm.........................................Asterina
micheliigena
Malvaceae
Asterina
Single
species...........................................Asterina hibisci
Melastomataceae
Asterina
Single
species.................................Asterina memecylonis
Meliaceae
Asterina
1. On cipadessa.......................Asterina cipadessae
On Trichilia..............................Asterina
trichiliae
Myrtaceae
Asterina
1. Appressoria
unicellular...........Asterina claviflori
1. Appressoria
bicellular..........Asterina jambolana
Oleaceae
Asterina
On Ligustrum......................Asterina
ligustricola
On Jasminum sp. .............................................2
Appressoria opposite and alternate........................................Asterina
erysiphoides
Appressoria alternate.........................................................Asterina
pongalaparensis
Passifloraceae
Asterina
Single
species.....................................Asterina adeniicola
Piperaceae
Asterina
On Lepianthes.......................Asterina
lepianthis
1. On Piper...................................Asterina piperina
Ranunculaceae
Asterina
Single
species.....................................Asterina naraveliae
Rubiaceae
Prillieuxina
Single
species..................................Prillieuxina ixorigena
Rutaceae
Asterina
1. On Acronychia...................Asterina acronychiae
1. On
other hosts.................................................2.
2. Appressoria
alternate and about 10–12% opposite, on clausena.....................Asterina
clausenicola
2. Appressoria
not so...........................................3
3. Appressoria
alternate to unilateral...........................................................................Asterina
toddaliae
3. Appressoria
not so.......................................4
4. Ascospores conglobate, 25-28x14-18 μm....................................................................Asterina
glycosmidis
4. Ascospores
oblong, conglobate 14–19x7–10 μm ............................................Asterina
glycosmidigena
Sabiaceae
Asterina
Single
species.................................Asterina sabiacearum
Santalaceae
Asterina
Single
species.......................................Asterina congesta
Symplocaceae
Asterina
Single
species............................................Asterina indica
Tiliaceae
Asterina
Single
species...............................Asterina triumfetticola
Ulmaceae
Asterina
Single
species........................................Asterina dallasica
Verbenaceae
Asterina
Single
species...........................................Asterina pusilla
Description to species
Asterina acronychiae Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 150, 1996;
Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 5, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 32, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 632, 2012. (Fig. 129).
Materials examined: HCIO 45148, TBGT 1203, 19.xi.1999,
on leaves of Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. (Rutaceae), Banasuranmala,
coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 48324, TBGT 2972, 10.xi.2007, Acronychia sp.
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 45202, TBGT 1238, 16.iv.1999, Acronychia
laurifolia Blume, Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 3 mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at
acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 13–21×3–7
μm. Appressoria mostly
opposite, rarely solitary, unicellular, ovate, oblong, entire, angular to
slightly lobate, 6–9x5–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
132μm in diameter; margin fringed, stellately dehisced at the centre; asci
numerous, globose, octosporous, 35–42 μm in diameter; ascospores brown,
conglobate, uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septum,
20–24x9–12 μm, wall minutely echinulate.
Asterina adeniicola Hosag. & Kamar., Zoos print J. 21: 2303,
2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.35, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 633, 2012 (Fig. 130)
Materials examined: HCIO 44792 (holotype), TBGT
1029 (isotype), 17.xii.2002, on leaves of Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) Wilde
(Passifloraceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 1mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae strongly flexuous
to rarely crooked, branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide
angles,loosely to closely reticulate, cells 11–15x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 3%
opposite, unicellular, globose, ovate, sessile to slightly stipitate, mostly
2–3-lobate, often angular to rarely entire, 6–9x6–8
μm. Thyriothecia loosely
scattered to connate at the centre of the colony, orbicular, stellately
dehisced at the centre, up to 75μm in diameter, margin crenate; asci few,
globose, octosporous, up to 30μm in diameter; ascospores oblong,
conglobate, uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, lower cell slightly
larger, 14–16x6–8 μm, wall smooth.
The released ascospores readily germinated and formed
colonies. Asterina adeniae Hansf.
is known on Adenia lobata from Uganda (Hansford, 1945). However, Asterina adeniicola differs
from it in having dense and crustose colonies, 3% opposite and smaller
appressoria, smaller thyriothecia and shorter ascospores.
Asterina aporusae Hansf., Reinwardtia 3: 129, 1954; Hosag. &
Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 56: 98, 2003; Hosag. & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 43:168, 2005; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala,
p. 37, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 636, 2012 (Fig. 131).
Materials examined: HCIO 49219, TBGT 3458,
15.ii.2009, on leaves of Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.
(Euphorbiaceae), Begur, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49633, TBGT
3875, 17.ix.2008, Periya, coll. M.Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 50377, TBGT
4294, 4.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M. C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, minute, thin, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight, flexuous to crooked, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at
acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 10–12x3–5 μm. Appressoria opposite, subopposite,
unilateral to rarely alternate, cylindrical, ovate, oblong, entire, rounded at
the apex, 8–10x3–5 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, orbicular, up to 160μm in
diameter, crenate to slightly fimbriate at the margin, fringed hyphae flexuous
and devoid of appressoria, thyriothecia initially longitudinally dehisced but
later and frequently stellately dehisced at the centre; asci globose to ovate,
octosporous, up to 30μm in diameter; ascospores brown, oblong, conglobate,
1-septate, constricted at the septum, 11–13x4–5 μm, wall
smooth.
This species is often associated with Meliolaster
aporusae Hosag. et al. but can be distinguished based on the
morphology of appressoria and ascospores.
Asterina arkemibeyi Hosag., Sabeena & S.P. Mathew, Journal of
Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3670, 2013 (Fig. 132).
Materials examined: TBGT
6648,6.iii.2008, on leaves of Flacourtia montana Graham (Flacourtiaceae),
Palcherry, coll. P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin to subdense,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 16–27x3–4 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
alternate, often sub-opposite to opposite, narrowly ovate,
elongated, tubular, entire to sublobate, straight to variously curved,
6–13x3–5 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate, orbicular, up to 130μm in
diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, stellately dehisced at the centre; asci,
octosporous, globose, up to 30μm in diameter;
ascospores, conglobate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
17–20x7–10 μm, wall smooth.
Hofmann & Piepenbring (2008) showed
the connection between Mahanteshamyces (Hosag.) and Asterina Lév. The former genus is an anamorph of the latter. The present collection reveals both
anamorph and teleomorph in the same colonies, which supports and
confirms the observations of Hofmann &
Piepenbring (2008). The teleomorph
belongs to the genus Asterina and differs from the all known Asterina species on the members of the family Flacourtiaceae in having ovate,
elongated, tubular, entire
to sublobate and straight to variously curved appressoria (Hosagoudar &
Abraham 2000; Hosagoudar 2012).
Asterina betonicae Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 153, 1996;
Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.46, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 644, 2012 (Fig. 133).
Materials examined: HCIO 48237, TBGT 2975, 1.xi.2007,
on leaves of Justicia betonica L. (Acanthaceae), Pakshipathalam, coll.
A. Chandraprabha.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to subdense, up to 2mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–25x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 30%
opposite, unicellular, ovate, mammiform, seated on broad base, sessile, entire,
6–10x4–6 μm. Thyriothecia loosely scattered, orbicular, up to 220μm in diameter,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous, dehisced stellately at
the centre; asci many, octosporous, globose, 31–35 μm in diameter;
ascospores brown, conglobate, 1-septate, 15–19x9–10 μm, wall
smooth.
Alternate, opposite and entire head cells of the
appressoria distinguishes this species from the other Asterina species
reported on the members of the family Acanthaceae.
Asterina cipadessae Yates, Philippine J. Sci. 12: 371, 1917; Hosag.,
Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 60: 172, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 4: 574, 2000; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1283, 2003; 21: 2326,
2006; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 6, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.51, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 654, 2012.
Parasterina cipadessae (Yates) Mendoza, Philippine J. Sci. 49: 446,
1932 (Fig. 134).
Materials examined: HCIO 49207, TBGT
3446; HCIO 49208, TBGT 3447, 15.ii.2009, on leaves of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth.)
Miq. (Meliaceae), Begur, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49221, TBGT 3460,
14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al HCIO 50356, TBGT 4273,
6.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; TBGT 5724,
23.iii.2008, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight, flexuous to crooked, branching mostly opposite at acute angles
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–34x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate and opposite,
sessile, entire to mostly lobate, 9–13×7–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, often
connate, orbicular, up to 202μm in diameter, dehisce stellately at the
center, margin crenate, rarely slightly fimbriate; asci many, ovate to globose,
eight spored, 30–44x30–35 μm; ascospores conglobate, deep
brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 24–28x12–15
μm, upper cell ovate and lower cell globose, wall smooth. Pycnothyria many, similar to the
thyriothecia, smaller; pycnothyriospores brown, ovoid to pyriform,
12–16x4–7 μm.
This is the only species known on this host and
is common in the Southern Western Ghats.
Asterina clausenicola Doidge, Trans. Royal Soc. South Africa 8: 263,
1920; Hosag., Indian J. Forestry 18: 274, 1995; Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 52, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
656, 2012 (Fig. 135).
Materials examined: HCIO 44550, TBGT 836,
8.i.2001, on leaves of Melicope lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) T. Hartley (Euodia
lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr. (Rutaceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense to subdense,
crustose, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–31x3–5 μm. Appressoria alternate and about 12% opposite, straight to curved, oblong
to globose, unicellular, entire and bluntly conoid towards the apex, uni-to
multilobate, 6–13x4–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, rarely 2–3 connate, roughly circular in
outline, up to 125μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed
hyphae flexuous, stellately dehisced at the center; asci globose, rarely ovate
or oblong, hexasporous, 30–38 μm in diameter; ascospores brown,
conglobate, oblong, 1-septate, strongly constricted at the septum, rounded at both
ends, 18–22x10–12.5 μm, wall smooth.
This species was recorded on Clausena anisata from South Africa (Doidge, 1942).
Asterina claviflori Kar & Maity, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 54:
441, 1970; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.54,
2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 657, 2012 (Fig. 136).
Materials examined: HCIO 50725, TBGT
4642, 8.xii.2009, on leaves of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae),
Chunkathara, coll. Sam P. Mathew; HCIO 50747, TBGT 4664, 5.xi.2009; HCIO 51066,
TBGT 4983, 6.xii.2006, HCIO 49759, TBGT 3911, Syzygium sp., Gurukulam
Botanical Garden, Periya, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena et al.; TBGT 3934,
13.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49808, TBGT 3960,
15.ix.2008, Periya, coll. Robin et al.; HCIO 49971, TBGT 4123, 14.iii.2007,
Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50030, TBGT 4182, 6.ix.2006, Periya,
coll. Gireesh et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous, branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 25–32x4–8 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
unicellular, ovate, oblong, cylindrical, antrorse to retrorse, straight to
curved, entire, 9–18x6–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, rarely connate,
orbicular, up to 250μm in diameter, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae
flexuous, stellately dehisced at the centre; asci few to many, ovate to
globose, octosporous, 30–45 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong,
brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 14–18x11–13
μm, wall smooth to slightly verrucose.
About 30 species of the genus Asterina are
known on the members of the family Myrtaceae. The unicellular appressoria matches with
the assigned species. However,
revision of this on Myrtaceae is needed.
Asterina congesta Cooke, Grevillea 8: 95, 1879; Hansf. &
Thirum., Farlowia 3: 305, 1948; Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 172,
1996; Hosag. Krishnan & Abraham, New Botanist 24: 28, 1997; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.57, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 661, 2012 (Fig. 137).
Materials examined: HCIO 49805, TBGT
3957, 15.ix.2008. on leaves of Santalum sp. (Santalaceae),
Thirunelly, coll. Robin et al.; HCIO 50013, TBGT 4165, 20.ix.2008, Pulpally,
coll. Gireesh et al.; HCIO 48302, TBGT 3023, 30.x.2007, Thirunelly, coll. A.
Chandraprabha.
Colonies initially epiphyllous, later on both
surfaces of the leaves, caulicolous, often on tender stems, form a coating of
black mat and are confluent. Hyphae
straight to crooked, cells 10–15x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
unicellular, ovate to cylindrical, straight to curved, entire to sinuately
lobate, 5–10x4–5 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, loosely aggregated, often coalesced, up to
130μm in diameter; asci many, aparaphysate, globose, octosporous,
bitunicate, 35–45x28–40 μm; ascospores oblong, conglobate,
uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, 13–26x9–11 μm,
wall smooth. Pycnothyria scattered to connate, orbicular, up to 100μm in
diameter, crenate to fimbriate at the margin, stellately dehisced at the centre;
Pycnothyriospores pyriform to obpyriform, cinnamon brown,
17–20x8–10 μm, wall smooth, often with a single hyaline band
at the middle.
This fungus is very common throughout the
Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Hansford & Thirumalachar (1948) reported this species from
Karnataka. Further, this is the
first species of the genus Asterina known from India (Cooke, 1884).
Asterina cryptocariicola Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Indian
Phytopath. 54: 137, 2001; J. Mycopathol. Res. 40:195, 2002; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.59, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 663, 2012(Fig. 138).
Materials examined: HCIO 49224, TBGT
3463, 16.ii.2009, on leaves of Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble
(Lauraceae), Periya, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 4mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight to
flexuous, branching mostly opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
19–26x3–4 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate, unicellular,
globose to ovoid, entire, 4–7x4–6 μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
orbicular, up to 100μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center,
margin crenate; asci not seen; ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 12–16x6–8 μm. Wall smooth.
Asterina cryptocaryae Cooke is known on this host genus. After examining the holotype, Stevens
& Ryan (1939) transferred it to the genus Prillieuxina because of
the lack of appressoria. Asterina
woodiana Doidge is known on this host genus from South Africa. The present species differs from it in
having only unicellular appressoria, smaller thyriothecia and ascospores.
Asterina dallasica Petrak, Sydowia 8:14, 1954; Hosag., Riju &
Uma Maheswari, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 1:1, 2008; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 60, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 665, 2012 (Image 12).
Material examined: HCIO 48324, TBGT 3045,
9.xi.2007, on leaves of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae),
Mananthavady, M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, scattered, up to 3mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight, flexuous
to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 11–26x6–11μm. Appressoria scattered, unicellular, alternate, unilateral, about 2%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, globose, mammiform, mostly entire, rarely
angular to crenately lobate, 6–11x6–11 μm. Thyriothecia closely scattered,
orbicular, up to 115μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre,
margin fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 26μm in diameter;
ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
17–22x6–11 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina celtidicola Henn., A. dallasica Petrak and A.
sponiae Racib. are known on Celtis, Trema and Sponia species,
respectively. A. dallasica matches
well with that of assigned species. This species was known on Trema species from Borneo Islands
(Petrak 1954; Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000) and it reveals an affinity between
the fungal flora of Wyanad and Borneo Islands.
Asterina deightonii Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 36: 172, 1938; Hosag., C.K.
Biju, Abraham & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 497, 2002; Hosag., Zoos’
Print J. 21: 2326, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 62, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 665, 2012 (Fig. 139).
Materials examined: HCIO 49244, TBGT
3483, 12.ii.2009, on leaves of Loranthus sp. (Loranthaceae), Thirunelly,
coll. Gireesh Kumar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, thin
to subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
17–21x4–5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, many, alternate, about 1% opposite, globose to
ovate, entire, rarely slightly angular, 6–10x5–7 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, often loosely
grouped, orbicular, up to 145μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate,
fringed hyphae flexuous, stellately dehisced at the centre; asci few to many,
globose, octosporous, up to 40μm in diameter; ascospores brown, oblong,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 21–23x11–13
μm; wall glabrous to minutely echinulate. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
smaller; pycnothyriospores few, globose to pyriform, brown, 16–18x12–18
μm, wall smooth.
This species was known on Loranthus leonensis from Sierra Leone, collected by F. C. Deighton no. 1378 (Sydow 1938). Hughes (1952) proposed Asterina
aburiensis and stated that the same fungus is also represented in two of
Mr. F. C. Deighton’s collections from Sierra Leone.
Asterina elaeocarpi Sydow var. ovalis Kar & Maity,
Indian Phytopath. 39: 218, 1986; Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 60: 175,
1996; Hosag., J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 1(1): 29, 2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 68, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 674, 2012 (Fig. 140).
Materials examined: HCIO 44297, TBGT 622,
6.ii.2002, on leaves of Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (Elaeocarpaceae),
Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 44638, TBGT 920, 20.v.2002, Thirunelly, coll.
S. Shiburaj; HCIO 44787, TBGT 1024, 27.xii.2002, Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen
& P.A. Jose; HCIO 48035, TBGT 2818, 6.xii.2006, Mylattumala, coll. M.
Harish et al.; HCIO 49245, TBGT 3484, 16.ix.2008, Periya, coll. Harish et al.;
HCIO 49815, TBGT 3967, 16.ii.2009, Periya, coll. Gireesh et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to subdense, up to
2mm in diameter, confluent and cover the entire upper surface of the
leaves. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 8–13x3–4 μm. Appressoria alternate, opposite to
subopposite, ovate to oblong, elongated, unicellular, entire,
4–24x4–5 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate, orbicular, up to 160μm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, crenate to fimbriate at the
margin, fringed hyphae flexuous; asci few to many, globose to ovate,
octosporous, 35–45 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate,
deep brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 22–24x9–13
μm, wall coarsely echinulate.
This
species is very specific and infects this host plant throughout Western Ghats
region.
Asterina enicostematis Hosag. & Chandraprabha., Indian J. Sci.
& Techn. 2(6):15, 2009 (enicostematis); Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 70, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
677, 2012 (Image.13).
Materials examined: HCIO 48242 (holotype), TBGT
2980 (isotype), 30.x.2007, on the leaves of Enicostema axillare (Lam.)
A. Raynal. (Gentianaceae), upper peak of Pakshipathalam, coll. A.
Chandraprabha.
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 3mm in
diameter. Hyphae crooked, branching
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
18–33x4–7 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate, ovate, mammiform, sessile,
7–13x4–9 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 132μm in diameter, dehisce
stellately at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate; asci globose,
octosporous, up to 40μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 11–20×7–9 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
orbicular, up to 110μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate;
pycnothyriospores ovate, pyriform, brown, 9–18x4–13 μm, wall
smooth.
Lembosia microtheca Theiss. is known on Goeppertia sp. of the
family Gentianaceae (Stevens & Ryan 1939) and is the first report of genus Asterina on the members of the family Gentianaceae (Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000).
Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke, Grevillea 9: 32, 1880 emend.
Doidge, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 8: 256, 1920; Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 306, 1948; Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 175, 1996;
Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 7, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 72, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 677, 2012 (Fig. 141).
Materials
examined: HCIO 45111, TBGT 1166, 16.iv.1999, on leaves of Jasminum
cordifolium Wallich ex G. Don (Oleaceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K.
Biju; HCIO, 45082, TBGT 1137, 15.v.1999, Jasminum sp., Thirunelli, coll.
C.K. Biju; HCIO 48055, TBGT 2838, 6.xii.2006, Periya, Kunkichira, coll. M.
Harish et al.; HCIO 49439, TBGT 3684, 15.ii.2009, Jasminum sp., Begoor,
Harish et al.; TBGT 3701, 10.ix.2008, Thirunelly, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO
49462, TBGT 3704, 20.ix.2008, Pulpally, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 49771,
TBGT 3923, 14.ii.2009, Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49773, TBGT
3925, 12.ii.2009, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49775, TBGT 3927, TBGT 3936,
15.ii.2009, Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49969, TBGT 4121, 13.iii.2007,
Puthuserrykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50392, TBGT 4309, 8.xii.2009, on Jasminum
malabaricum Wight, MS Swaminathan Foundation, coll. Sam P. Mathew;
HCIO 50711, TBGT 4628, 6.xi.2009, Jasminum sambac (L) Aiton,
Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO 50841, TBGT 4758,
5.xi.2009, Jasminum malabaricum Wight, Gurukulam Botanical Garden, coll.
M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO 50846, TBGT 4763, 6.ix.2009, Jasminum
cordifolium Wallich ex G.Don, Padinharathara, M.C. Riju & A.
Sabeena; HCIO 50848, TBGT 4765, 6.xi.2009, Chennalode, coll. A. Sabeena &
M.C. Riju; HCIO 48055, TBGT 2838, 6.xii.2006, Jasminum sp., Kunkichira,
Periya, coll. M. Harish et al.; HCIO 49442, TBGT 3687, 20.ix.2008,
Mananthavady, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO 49627, TBGT 3869, Pulpally, coll.
M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 49637, TBGT 3879, 17.ix.2008, Periya, coll.
M.Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 43831, TBGT 373, 19.xi.2000, Banasuranmala,
coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 18–25x2–5 μm. Appressoria opposite and alternate,
antrorse to reflexed, straight to variously curved, 15–20 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–13 μm long; head cells
straight to curved, entire to lobate, 6–11x7–10 μm. Thyriothecia numerous, scattered, often
confluent, initially closed, stellately dehisced at center at maturity, margin
crenate to fimbriate; asci numerous, ovoid to globose, octosporous,
30–33x27–30 μm; ascospores initially hyaline, brown at maturity,
conglobate, oblong, rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted at septum,
18–22x9–13μm.
In most
of the collections, the colonies were associated with the colonies of Meliola
gemellipoda Doidge and Meliola jasminii Hansf. & Stev.
This
species is common in the southern Western Ghats.
Asterina
erythropalicola Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 156, 1996;
Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 73, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 679, 2012 (Fig. 142).
Materials
examined: HCIO 48037, TBGT 2820, 6.xii.2006, on leaves of Erythropalum
populifolium (Arn.)Masters (Erythropalaceae) Periya, Kunkichira,
coll. M. Harish et al.
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching
mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
21–28x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, about 30% opposite, subantrorse to
perpendicular to the hyphae, mostly straight, 2-celled, 12–22 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical, 3–10 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, entire, rarely truncate, 9–13x6–8 μm. Thyriothecia closely scattered,
orbicular, up to 217μm in diameter, margin fringed, rarely crenate,
fringed hyphae flexuous, with appressoria, thyriothecia dehisce stellately at
the center and widely opened at maturity; asci many, globose, octosporous,
40–46 μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, 1-septate, constricted
at the septum, both cells unequal, 24–28x12–16 μm, wall
smooth. Pycnothyria attached or
mixed with thyriothecia, slightly smaller; pycnothyriospores oval to pyriform,
18–20x12–14 μm.
This
species differs from Asterina erythropali Hansf. in having epiphyllous
colonies and appressoria with entire head cells (Hansford 1954).
Asterina
gamsii Hosag. & C.K. Biju in Hosag., Indian Phytopath. 58:
195, 2005; Hosag., J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 1(1): 27, 2009; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 77, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 683, 2012 (Fig. 143).
Materials
examined: HCIO 45166, TBGT 1221, 19.xi.2000, on leaves of Elaeocarpus
variabilis Zmarzty (Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir.)
(Elaeocarpaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter and cover an entire upper
portion of the leaves. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 16–23x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral and
about 20% opposite to subopposite, mostly straight, subantrorse to rarely
retrorse, ovate to cylindrical, entire, rounded at the apex,
8–13x6–8 μm. Thyriothecia closely scattered, orbicular, up to 300μm in diameter,
stellately dehisced at the centre, crenate to fimbriate at the margin, fringed
hyphae flexuous; asci few to many, globose, octosporous, up to 38μm in
diameter; ascospores oblong, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
32–36x11–18 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
smaller; pycnothyriospores pyriform, apiculate, brown, 22–26x16–18
μm.
There
are five species, namely Asterina borneensis Hansf., A. elaeocarpi Sydow, A. elaeocarpi Sydow var. ovalis Kar & Ghosh, A.
elaeocarpicola Hansf. and A. elaeocarpi kobenmochi Yamam., known on
the members of the family Elaeocarpaceae (Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000). Asterina gamsii differs from A.
elaeocarpicola and A. borneensis in having octosporous asci and
straight appressoria (Hansford 1954). It differs from A. elaeocarpi in having opposite appressoria and
larger ascospores. It also differs
from A. elaeocarpi var. ovalis in having ovate appressoria in
contrast to longer and cylindrical ones (Kar & Ghosh, 1986; Hosagoudar,
2009). In A.
elaeocarpi-kobanmochi appressoria are predominantly opposite and oblong and
ascospores are smaller (Yamamoto 1957).
Asterina
glycosmidigena Hosag. & JacobThomas, J. Appl. Nat. Sci.
2: 102, 2010; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 686, 2012 (Fig. 144).
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae pale brown, straight to slightly
crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate and
form a loose mycelial net, cells 12–19x2–5 μm Appressoria
sessile, mostly alternate, about 2% opposite, unicellular, ovate, subglobose,
irregularly sublobate, entire, 4–10x4–7 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, often
connate, up to 110μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre,
margin crenate; asci globose, octosporous, 50–60 μm in diameter;
ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, uniseptate, strongly constricted at the
septum, 14–19x7–10 μm, wall smooth.
Materials
examined: TBGT 3669, HCIO 49424, 14.ii.2009, on leaves of Glycosmis
pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (Rutaceae), coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
The
present species differs from Asterina glycosimidis Hosag. & Rajkumar
and A.banguiensis Yates known on the host genus in having hemispherical,
broad based, irregularly sublobate to lobate appressoria (Yates 1918a,b;
Hosagoudar 2005).
These
colonies were mixed with the colonies of Meliola sp.
Asterina
glycosmidis Hosag. & Rajkumar in Hosag., Indian
Phytopath. 58: 194, 2005; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 80, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 687, 2012 (Fig. 145).
Materials
examined: HCIO 45174 (holotype), TBGT 1335 (isotype), 6.iii.2001, on
leaves of Glycosmis sp. (Rutaceae), Wayanad, coll. G. Rajkumar.
Colonies
mostly epiphyllous, subdense to dense, thinly velvety, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae straight,
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–26x4–6
μm. Appressoria unicellular,
alternate, unilateral, about 40% opposite, ovate, conoid, oblong, often
cylindrical, entire to rarely angular to sublobate, 6–13x4–6
μm. Thyriothecia scattered to
closely grouped, orbicular, up to 150μm in diameter,margin crenate to
fimbriate, fringed hyphae small, stellately dehisced at the centre; asci few,
globose, octosporous, up to 30μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate,
brown, uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septum, 25–28x14–18
μm, wall smooth.
Asterina
banguiensis Yates is known on this host genus from Philippines
(Yates, 1918a,b; Hosagoudar & Abraham, 2000). Asterina glycosmidis differs from
it in having opposite, alternate and unilateral appressoria, differ in the
shape of the appressoria, and possessing larger ascospores.
Asterina
gymnemae Hosag. & Jacob-Thomas, J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 2: 102,
2010; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 690, 2012 (Fig. 146).
Materials
examined: TBGT 3667a (holotype), HCIO 49422a (isotype), 14.ii.2009, on
leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Thirunelly, February
14, 2009, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.; HCIO 49803, TBGT 3955, 8.iii.2008, on
leaves of Asclepiadaceae member, Periya, coll. P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 19–34x2–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, two celled,
straight to curved, antrorse, 12–14 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, straight to crooked, 2–5 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, oblong, angular, sublobate to variously lobate, 4–7x4–10
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
orbicular, up to 150μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre,
margin crenate; asci few to many, globose, octosporous, 40–60 μm in
diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, hyaline, constricted at the
septum, 16–19x7–10 μm, wall smooth.
There
are six species of the genus Asterina known on the members of the family
Asclepiadaceae, namely, Asterina asclepiadis Hosag. & Goos (1996), A.coccina Sydow (1930), A.
cynanchi Hosag. & Shiburaj (Hosagoudar 2002), A. leonensis Sydow
(1938) and A. paraffinis Speg. (Theissen 1913). Based on the character of angular to
sublobate head cells and evenly placed appressoria, the present species is
closer to A. cynanchi, A. leonensis and A. paraffinis. However, the present species differs
from A. paraffinis in having narrow ascospores and from A. cynanchi in
having longer ascospores. It also
differs from A. leonensis in having only alternate appressoria.
Asterina
hibisci (Doidge) Hosag. in Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 175, 2004; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2327, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 88, 201; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 693, 2012.
Asterina
diplocarpa Cooke var. hibisci Doidge, Botahalia 4: 331, 1942
(Fig. 147).
Material
examined: HCIO 45150, TBGT 1205, 2.vi.1999, on leaves of Symplocos
rosea Bedd. (Symplocaceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 50924,
TBGT 4841, 23.xii.2008, Symplocos sp., coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
mostly epiphyllous, thin to subdense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent and
thinly cover an entire upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae substraight to undulate,
branching alternate to opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate,
20–32x2–4 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate, scattered, straight to rarely
curved, ovate, globose, entire to sublobate, 9–12x4–9 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
110μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate; asci
few to many, mostly globose, octosporous, 25–35 μm in diameter;
ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
20–23x9–12 μm., wall verrucose. Pycnothyria few to many, similar but smaller
than thyriothecia; pycnothyriospores unicellular, globose to pyriform, brown,
16–18x13–15, wall smooth.
Materials
examined: TBGT 4496, 4498, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju;
TBGT 4644, 4.xi.2009, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Doidge
(1942) distinguished and placed this fungus by giving the status of
variety. However, loosely
reticulate mycelia, morphologically different and less number of appressoria
and distinctly larger ascospores justifies its species status.
Asterina
indica Sydow in Sydow, Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 390,
1911; Patil & Thite, J. Shivaji Univ. 17: 152, 1977; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J.
18: 1285, 2003; 21: 2327, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 44: 8, 2006; Hosag., Jacob Thomas & Robin, Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2: 2,
2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 94,
2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 693, 2012 (Fig. 148).
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate at acute
to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 31–38x8–12 μm. Appressoria 95% alternate and 5%
opposite, unicellular, slightly antrorse, 14-22x7-10 μm. Thyriothecia
scattered, orbicular, up to 72 μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the
centre; ascospores dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
38-43x14-19 μm.
Asterina
grammocarpa Sydow is known on the host genus Symplocos. Asterina indica differs from it in
having unicellular appressoria.
Asterina
jambolana Kar & Maity, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 54: 438, 1970;
Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 180, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 576, 2000; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 25: 306, 2001; J. Mycopathol. Res. 40:195, 2002; Hosag., Zoos’
Print J. 18:1283, 2003; 21: 2327, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 96, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 701, 2012
(Image 14, Fig. 149).
Materials
examined: HCIO 42958, TBGT 239, 13.vii.1998, on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), Tirunelly, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, crustose to velvety, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 25–32x4–7 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate,
unilateral, mostly closely antrorse and appressed to the hyphae, often, curved,
subantrorse to spreading, 16–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 6–7 μm long; head cells ovate to globose, straight to
slightly curved, entire, 9–13x8–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate and
often fused, orbicular, up to 300μm indiameter, stellately dehisced at the
centre, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae short; asci globose,
octosporous, up to 50μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, 32–34x13–16
μm.
Kar
& Maity (1970) described this species from West Bengal. This is one of the most common species
throughout the SouthernWestern Ghats.
Asterina
lepianthis (Hosag., Balakr. & Goos) Hosag. in
Hosag.,C.K. Biju, Abraham & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 498, 2002 (lepianthedis);
Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 103,
2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 708, 2012.
Anamorph: Asterostomella lepianthedis Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 58:
492, 1996 (Fig. 150).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43714, TBGT 364, 8.xii.2000, on leaves of Lepianthes
umbellata (L.) Rafin. [Hackeria subpeltata (Willd.) Kunth]
(Piperaceae), coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, thin to dense, up to 1mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae straight,
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 12–33x3–5 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, straight to curved, two
celled, 9–13 μm long; basal cells cuneate to cylindrical, 3–7
μm long, head cells ovate to globose, straight to slightly curved, entire,
9-13 x 8-10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate and often fused,
orbicular, up to 300μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae short; asci globose, octosporous,
up to 50μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, uniseptate,
slightly constricted at the septum, 32–34 x13–16 μm. Pycnothyria scattered, orbicular, up to
60μm in diam., stellately
dehisced at the centre, center, margin crenate; pycnothyriospores unicellular,
globose to ellipsoidal, brown, 9–15x6–10 μm.
Asterina
ligustricola Hosag. & Kamar. in Hosag., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 28: 187, 2004; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 106, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 709, 2012.
Asterostomella
ligustri Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 58: 493, 1996 (Fig.
151).
Materials
examined: HCIO 44129, TBGT 528, 24.v.2001, on leaves of Ligustrum
travencoricum Gamble (Oleaceae), M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 44867, TBGT 1095,
7.iii.2001, on leaves of Ligustrum walkeri auct. non Decne,
Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
11–15x3–4 μm. Appressoria
alternate to unilateral, scattered, unicellular, sessile to stipitate,
irregularly and stellately sublobate to lobate, globose, 4–8x6–10
μm. Pycnothyria numerous,
scattered, orbicular, up to 50μm in diameter, margin fimbriate to crenate,
stellately dehisced at the center; pycnothyriospores ellipsoidal, taper towards
both ends, brown, 19–21x9–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
130μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae tortuous,
thyriothecia stellately dehisced at the center; asci globose, octosporous,
30–35 μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 16–19x9–10 μm, wall minutely
echinulate.
This
species differs from Asterina ligustri P. Henn in having unicellular
appressoria and is the teleomorph of Asterostomella ligustri Hosag. et
al. (Katumoto 1975; Hosagoudar et al. 1996).
It was
parasitised by Zygosporium sp.
Asterina
litseae-ligustrinae Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59:
180, 1996; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 711, 2012 (Fig. 152).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49871, TBGT 4023, 18.ix.2008, on leaves of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), Thirunelly, coll. Harish et al.
Colonies
hypophyllous, dense, crustose, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight and in
few places crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 15–22x3–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 15%
opposite, straight to curved, unicellular, conoid, entire to variously
sublobate, 9–13x6–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to loosely grouped, round to ovate, up to
110μm in diameter, stellately fissured at the center, inner content deep
yellow, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae long and tortuous; asci
many, globose, eight spored, 24–26 μm in diameter; ascospores
conglobate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, 18–19x6–10
μm, upper cell slightly ovate, lower cell globose, wall echinulate.
This
species is similar to Asterina litseae Yates in having yellow contents
in the thyriothecia (Hansford, 1949) but differs from it in having hypophyllous
colonies, substraight to crooked hyphae, 15% opposite, and entire to variously
sublobate appressoria and echinulate ascospores.
Asterina
lobulifera Sydow var. indica Hosag. &
Chandraprabha, Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2: 15, 2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 109, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
711, 2013 (Fig. 153).
Materials
examined: HCIO 48236, TBGT 2974, 29.x.2007, on leaves of Glochidion sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Periya, coll. A. Chandraprabha.
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 15–26x4–7 μm. Appressoria 2-celled, alternate to
opposite (5–10%), subantrorse, straight to curved, 11–15 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 μm long; head cells
ovate, globose, sublobate to lobate, 7–11x4–7 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped at the
centre of the colonies, orbicular, up to 121μm in diameter, margin crenate
to fimbriate, stellately dehisced at the center; ascospores oblong, conglobate,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 13–22x7–9 μm, wall
smooth. Pycnothyria smaller,
similar to thyriothecia; pycnothyriospores ovate, pyriform, brown,
11–22x7–11 μm, wall smooth.
This
species was known from Philippines, Taiwan and Japan (Sydow & Sydow 1914;
Yamamoto 1956; Katumoto 1991).
Asterina
melicopecola Hosag. & Abraham, Indian Phytopath. 50:
216, 1997; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 305, 2001;
Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1284, 2003; 21: 2328, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju &
Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 9, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 115, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 718, 2012
(Fig. 154).
Materials
examined: HCIO 44301, TBGT 588, 10.i.2002, on leaves of Euodia luna-ankenda (Gaertner) Merr.
(Rutaceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen; 16.iv.1999, HCIO 45147, TBGT 1202,
Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 45149, TBGT 1204, 19.xi.1999, coll. C.K.
Biju; HCIO 49223, TBGT 3462, Periya, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–24x3.5–5 μm. Appressoria opposite, about 20%
alternate, unicellular, ovate, globose, clavate, pyriform, irregularly
sublobate to lobate, 9–12.5x6–7.5 μm. Thyriothecia orbicular, loosely grouped
in the center of the colony, scattered to connate, up to 150μm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, splitting up to margin, crenate to
fimbriate at the margin, fringed hyphae small, profusely branched; asci
globose, rounded, octosporous, up to 42μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate,
brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, upper cell globose, lower
cell slightly ovate, 31–34x12–13.5 μm.
Asterina
memecylonis Ryan, Mem. Dept. Agric. India 15: 105, 1921;
Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 19: 1386, 2004; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 43:204, 2005; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2328, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 116, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 720, 2012 (Fig. 155).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49629, TBGT 3871, 20.ix.2008, on leaves of Memecylon sp.
(Melastomataceae), Pulpally, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 45684, TBGT
1431,15.xi.2008, Memecylon sp., coll. V.B. Hosagoudar; TBGT 5726,
4.viii.2008; HCIO 44585, TBGT 872, 24.iv.2002, M. sylvaticum Thwaites,
coll. H. Biju.
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching alternate,
opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
28–32x4–7 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate, unicellular, broad based, mammiform,
globose, entire, angular, crenately lobate to slightly lobate,
11–13x11–15 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 441μm in diameter; crenate
at margin, irregularly dehisce at the centre; asci few, globose to ovate,
octosporous, 56–62 μm in diameter; ascospores brown, conglobate,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, taper at both ends,
38–42x14–16 μm.
Asterina
micheliifolia Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 3:
1942, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 721, 2012. (Fig. 156).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49111, TBGT 3366; HCIO 49112, TBGT 3367; HCIO 49113, TBGT
3368; HCIO 49114, TBGT 3369; HCIO 49115, TBGT 3370, 20.ix.2008, on leaves of Michelia
chempaka L. (Magnoliaceae), Chennalode, Padinharathara, coll. M. C. Riju.
Colonies
hypophyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
irregular at acute to wide angles, forming closely reticulated rings, cells
12–40x3–5 μm. Appressoria scattered, unicellular, opposite, alternate, unilateral,
antrorse to retrorse, globose to cylindrical, entire, 5–18x5–8
μm. Pycnothyria scattered,
orbicular, up to 58μm in diameter, stellately dehisced and widely opened
at the centre; pycnothyriospores globose, clavate, 15–20 μm in
diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia
scattered, orbicular, up to 85μm in diameter, stellately dehisced and
widely opened at the centre by exposing asci; asci globose to ovate,
37–45 μm in diameter; ascospores brown, uniseptate, constricted at
the septum, 22–25x10–13 μm, wall smooth.
This
species differs from Asterina micheliae Hansf. in having typically
thyriothecium like fruiting bodies and differs from A. micheligena in
having straight mycelium and larger ascospores.
Asterina
micheliigena Hosag. & Riju, J. Threatened Taxa 3:
1944, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 722, 2012 (Fig. 157).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49111, TBGT 3366; HCIO 49112, TBGT 3367; HCIO 49113, TBGT 3368;
HCIO 49114, TBGT 3369; HCIO 49115, TBGT 3370, 20.ix.2008, on leaves of Michelia
chempaka L. (Magnoliaceae), Chennalode, Padinharathara, coll. M. C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent and often trait along the
major veins of the upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite, alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 9–24x4–6 μm. Appressoria scattered, unicellular,
opposite, alternate, unilateral, globose, entire, mammiform,
4–7x4–9 μm. Pycnothyria scattered, orbicular, up to 75μm in diameter,
stellately dehisced and widely opened at the centre; pycnothyriospores globose
to slightly ovate, 17–25 μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
188μm in diameter, stellately dehisced and widely opened at the centre by
exposing asci; asci globose to ovate, up to 63μm in diameter; ascospores
brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 25–33x15–18 μm,
wall smooth.
Asterina
microtropidicola Hosag. & C.K. Biju in Hosag., C.K. Biju,
Abraham & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 499, 2002; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J.
21: 2328, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.
118, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 722, 2012 (Fig. 158).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43712, TBGT 370, 12.viii.1999, on leaves of Microtropis
latifolia Wight & Lawson (Celastraceae), Thirunelly shola forest, coll.
C.K. Biju.
Colonies
amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, rarely substraight to
slightly flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 12–20x3–5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate, about
30% opposite, straight to slightly curved, conoid, attenuated and broadly
rounded at the apex, entire, 11–20x6-8 μm. Thyriothecia closely scattered, often
connate, orbicular, up to 125μm in diameter, mostly crenate at the margin,
stellately dehisced and widely opened at the centre; asci many, octosporous,
globose, up to 40μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate,
uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septum, 30–34x14–16 μm,
wall smooth.
Asterina
microtropidis Hosag. et al. is known on Microtropis
ovalifolia from the Western Ghats of peninsular India (Hosagoudar et al. 1996). However, Asterina
microtropidicola differs from it in having alternate and opposite, conoid
and straight appressoria.
Asterina
naraveliae Hosag., C.K. Biju & Agarwal, Indian
Phytopath. 55: 499, 2002; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 126, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 730, 2012 (Fig. 159).
Materials
examined: HCIO 43711, TBGT 369, 19.xi.2009, on leaves of Naravelia
zeylanica (L.) DC. (Ranunculaceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO
49968, TBGT 4120, 14.iii.2007, Puthuserry Kadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50006, TBGT 4158, 27.xii.2007,
coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 50740, TBGT 4657; HCIO 51128, TBGT 5008, 5.xi.2009,
Gurukulam Botanical Garden, Periya, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO
51175, TBGT 5055, 6.xi.2009, Thariode, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies
amphigenous, thin to subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 16–20x3–4
μm. Appressoria two celled,
very much scattered, antrorse, 9–15 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 1.5–5 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, mostly
bilobate, rarely 3–4-times lobate, 8–10x6–10 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 65μm in diameter, stellately
dehisced at the centre, crenate at the margin; asci few to many, globose,
octosporous, up to 28μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, brownish,
conglobate, 1-septate, upper cell slightly larger, 14–16x6–8
μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria
not seen; pycnothyriospores ovate, pyriform, sometimes pale hyaline band
present at the middle, 14–16×7–9 μm.
Asterina
clematidis Hansf. is known on Clematis glycinoides from
Australia (Hansford, 1954). Asterina
naraveliae differs from it in having sparsely arranged, alternate
appressoria having deeply lobate head cells.
Asterina
perpusilla Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 14: 366, 1916; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 730, 2012.
Anamorph: Asterostomella alangii Hosag. & Mohanan, Indian J. Forestry 19: 371,
1996 (Fig. 160).
Materials
examined: HCIO 50382, TBGT 4299, 4.xi.2009, on leaves of Alangium
salvifolium (L.f.) Wans (Alangiaceae), Padinharathara, Alangium sp.,
A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; TBGT 5573, 22.v.2008, Alangium sundanum (Miq.)
Bloemb., Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite,
alternate to irregular, at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 11–24x2–3 μm. Appressoria sessile, unilateral, alternate, angular, broad based,
4–10x4–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the
centre, up to 160μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 19–26x9–11 μm. Pycnothyria scattered, rarely connate,
orbicular, up to 78μm in diameter, margin crenate, rarely fringed,
stellately dehisced at the center; pycnothyriospores numerous, cinnamon brown,
pyriform, 21–25x12–16 μm.
Asterina
piperina Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 243, 1917; M. S. Patil &
Pawar, Indian Phytopath. 42: 251, 1989; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 740, 2012.
Asterina
piperis Yates, Philippine J. Sci. 13: 374, 1918 (Fig. 161).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49636, TBGT 3878, 17.ix.2008, on leaves of Piper sp.
(Piperaceae), Periya, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin
Colonies
amphigenous, thin to dense, up to 1mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae crooked, branching irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–24
μm. Appressoria scattered,
alternate to unilateral, very closely antrorse, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, straight to curved, 12–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–7 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, oblong, straight
to curved, entire, angular, crenately lobate to deeply lobate,
9–13x9–11 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to rarely connate, orbicular, up to 120μm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate to slightly
fimbriate, fringed hyphae very small; asci globose, octosporous, up to
28μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate, constricted at
the septum, 14–21x6–11 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina
pongalaparensis Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Indian
Phytopath. 54: 138, 2001; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 136, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 744, 2012 (Fig. 162).
Materials
examined: TBGT 5549, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton, (Oleaceae), Wayanad, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
amphigenous, subdense to dense, up to 4mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae undulate to crooked, branching
alternate to unilateral at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
17–23x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, two celled, straight to variously
curved, smooth to variously bulged, entire to lobate, 5–10 μm long;
head cells clavate, ovate, cylindrical, hamate, straight to curved, 3–7
times sublobate to lobate, 7–13x11–13 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
150μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin fringed,
fringed hyphae flexuous, exappressoriate; asci globose, octosporous,
22–33 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, cylindrical, brown,
uniseptate, strongly constricted at the septum, 20–25x10–13
μm, wall echinulate.
There
are six taxa of the genus Asterina known on the members of the family
Oleaceae (Yates 1918a; Doidge 1942; Hansford 1945, 1948; Yamamoto 1956;
Hosagoudar & Goos 1996). Asterina
spissa Sydow known on this host genus is a doubutful species since it does
not have appressoria (Sydow et al. 1911).
Asterina
pusilla Sydow & Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 8: 488, 1913;
Hosag. & Sabeena, Zoos’ Print J. 22: 2786, 2007; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 137, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 746, 2012 (Fig. 163).
Materials
examined: TBGT 5718, 30.ix.2007, on leaves of Premna
serratifolia L. (Verbenaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, dense, crustose, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
alternate, opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 20–48x3–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, scattered, unicellular, antrorse, subantrorse to
retrorse, sublobate to lobate, mostly broad based,
8–11x6–11μm. Thyriothecia closely scattered, orbicular, up to 136μm in diameter,
stellately dehisced at the centre, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae long,
crooked; asci globose, up to 34μm in diameter; ascospores brown,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 16–22x6–10
μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria numerous; pycnothyriospores brown, ovate,
globose, pyriform, 10–15x10–14 μm.
This
species was known on Premna nauseosa from Philippines (Sydow & Sydow
1913; Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000). Perhaps, this is the first collection after its type collection.
Asterina
sabiacearum Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 52: 469, 1994;
Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 582, 2000; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J.
18: 1284, 2003; 21: 2328, 2006; Singh, Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 30: 184, 2008; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 140, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 748, 2012 (Fig. 164).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49070, TBGT 3325, 17.ix.2008, on leaves of Meliosma
simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. ssp. pungens (Wall ex Wight & Arn.)
Beus (Sabiaceae), Periya, coll. M. Harish & P.J. Robin; HCIO 43804, TBGT
371, 19.xi.1999, Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 44882, TBGT 1110,
26.xii.2002, Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense, minute, up to 1 mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to
slightly crooked, branching alternate to irregular at acute angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 30-37x3-5 μm. Appressoria alternate, scattered, mostly
unicellular, rarely two celled, mammiform, entire to sublobate, 13-22x5-7
μm. Thyriothecia grouped at the center of the colony, stellately dehisced
and widely opened, margin crenate, up to 60 μm in diameter; ascospores
conglobate, brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, upper cell
larger, lower cell smaller, 18–22x12–14 μm, wall smooth.
This
species can be compared with Asterina meliosmaticola Petrak & Cif.,
reported on Meliosma sp. from which it differs in having unicellular to
bi-cellular appressoria, and smaller thyriothecia, asci and ascospores (Petrak
& Cifferi 1932).
Asterina
sarcandrae Hosag. & Kamar. in Hosag., Zoos’ Print J.
21: 2305, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.
143, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 751, 2012 (Fig. 165).
Materials
examined: HCIO 44794, TBGT 1031, 26.xii.2002, on leaves of Sarcandra
chloranthoides Gard. (Chloranthaceae), Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen.
Colonies
hypophyllous, very thin, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular at
acute to wide angles, form a circularly angular and irregular net, cells
16–21x4–7 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to irregular, two celled, antrorse,
retrorse, spreading, straight to curved, 12–32 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 μm long; head cells ovate, oblong,
mostly curved, hamate, twisted, rarely straight, entire, angular to rarely
sublobate, 10–26x6–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the centre, up
to 104μm in diameter, margin crenate; asci few, globose, octosporous, up
to 30μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, strongly
constricted at the septa, 20–22x7–9 μm, wall echinulate.
Asterina
chloranthi Sydow is known on Chloranthus officinalis from
Philippines (Sydow & Petrak 1931; Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000). However, Asterina sarcandrae differs
from it in having very thin hypophyllous colonies, net forming mycelia and
longer appressoria.
Asterina
tertia Racib. in Theiss., Die Gattung Asterina 7:103, 1913;
Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 24: 443, 1926; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon.
Bot. 4: 558, 2000; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 43: 204,
2005; 44:12, 2006; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 21: 2329, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 147, 2011 ; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 755, 2012 (Fig. 166).
Materials
examined: HCIO 50726, TBGT 4643, 6.xii.2009, on leaves of Adhatoda
vasica Nees (Acanthaceae), Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C.
Riju; TBGT 4296, 6.xi.2009, Asystasia violacea Dalz. ex C.B. Clarke
(Acanthaceae), Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO 50614,
TBGT 4531; HCIO 50616, TBGT 4533; HCIO 50618,TBGT 4535; HCIO 50620, TBGT 4537;
HCIO 50622, TBGT 4539, 6.xi.2009, Lepidagathis sp. (Acanthaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies
amphigenous, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphal cells up to 4μm broad. Appressoria sparse, continuous,
3–4 lobate, 5–8x8–13 μm. Thyriothecia 120–160 μm in
diameter; margin fimbriate, stellately dehisced in the centre; asci
octosporous, 40–48x20–23 μm; ascospores brown, 1-septate,
constricted at the septum, 16–20x8–10 μm. Pycnothyria 55–80 μm;
pycnothyriospores unicellular, ovate, brown, 17–20x12–15 μm. Thyriothecia 120–160 μm in
diam.; margin fimbriate, stellately dehisced in the centre; asci octosporous, 40–48x20–23
μm;ascospores brown, 1-septate, constricted, 16–20x8–10
μm. Pycnothyria 55–80
μm; pycnothyriospores unicellular, ovate, brown, 17–20x12–15 μm.
Asterina
thotteae Hosag. & Hanlin, New Botanist 22: 188, 1995; Hosag.,
H. Biju & Appaiah, J.Mycopathol. Res. 44:12, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 152, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 759, 2012 (Fig. 167).
Materials
examined: HCIO 48238, TBGT 2976, 29.x.2007, on leaves of Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou.
(Aristolochiaceae), Periya, coll. A. Chandraprabha; HCIO 43811, TBGT
374, 14.iv.1999, T. sivarajanii Santhosh, Shanavas & Binu
(Aristolochiaceae), Chembra hills, coll. C.K.Biju; HCIO 44800, TBGT
1037, 27.xii.2002, Periya, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin to subdense, spreading, up to 3mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
rarely crooked, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 31–38x3–4 μm. Appressoria alternate and about 3%
opposite, straight to curved, antrorse to recurved, two celled, 9–19
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 μm long; head
cells ovoid, globose, entire to sublobate, angular, straight to curved,
6–13x6–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, rarely 1–2 connate, circular, up to
155μm in diameter, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous to crooked,
pale yellow, center carbonaceous black and stellately dehisced at the center;
asci many, initially globose, slightly clavate at maturity, octosporous,
30–38x27–31 μm; ascospores conglobate, oblong, deep brown,
rounded at both ends, 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
18–20x9–10 μm, wall verrucose.
This is
the only species of the genus Asterina on the members of the family
Aristolochiaceae (Steven & Ryan 1939; Diodge 1942).
Asterina
toddaliae Kar & Ghosh, Indian Phytopath. 39: 210, 1986; Hosag.
& Goos, Mycotaxon 52: 470, 1994; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 155, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 762, 2012
(Fig. 168).
Material
examined: TBGT 6647, 19.ix.2008, on leaves of Toddalia sp.
(Rutaceae), Pulpally, coll. M. Harish et al.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin to subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
19–32x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, unicellular, antrorse, retrorse,
straight, flexuous to curved, ovate, oblong, cylindrical, broadly rounded at
the tip, 11–18x4–6 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 195μm in diameter,
stellately dehisced at the centre, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae small, crooked; asci globose, 8-
spored, up to 40μm in diam.; ascospores oblong, brown, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 27–30x10–12 μm, margin tubercled.
Kar
& Ghosh (1986) reported this species from Rangpo forest, Darjeeling, West
Bengal
Asterina
travancorensis Sydow & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 38, 1915;
Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 69: 160, 1996; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 764, 2012
(Fig. 169).
Materials
examined: HCIO 49846,TBGT 3998, 12.ii.2009, on leaves of Wattakaka
volubilis (L. f.) Stapf. (Marsdenia volubilis (L.f.) Cooke)
(Asclepiacaceae), Periya, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies
foliicolous, epiphyllous, often surrounded by yellow haloes, scattered, dense,
crustose to velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–25x5–7 μm. Appressoria one to two celled, alternate, about
1% opposite, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 12–25 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–19 μm long; head cells
ovate, globose, entire to sublobate, 6–10x6–13 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate up to
5, round, up to 110μm in diameter, dehisce stellately at the centre, upper
cells radiating, margin crenate; asci globose, octosporous, bitunicate,
27–31 μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, one septate, upper cell
slightly larger, 21–25x9–13 μm, wall smooth.
Sydow
& Sydow (1915) described this species on Marsdenia sp., collected by
E.J. Butler from Pulliyanur, Travancore of Kerala State on October 9, 1907.
This
species is known only from the Southern Western Ghats.
Asterina
trichiliae Doidge, Trans. Royal Soc. South Africa 8:
253, 1920; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 60: 161, 1996; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
764, 2012 (Fig. 170).
Materials
examined: TBGT 5998, 6.ii.2006, on leaves of Trichilia connaroides (Wight
& Arn.) Bentv. (Meliaceae), Kunkidhira, coll. Harish et al.; HCIO
49065, TBGT 3320, 18.ix.2008, Trichilia sp., Thirunelly, coll. M. Harish
et al.; HCIO 49635, TBGT 3877, 17.ix.2008, Periya, coll. M.Harish & P.J.
Robin.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent and covering the entire
upper surface of the leaves. Hyphae
straight, branching opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 15–19x3–7 μm. Appressoria opposite, subopposite, alternate and solitary, conoid,
ovate, ampulliform, unicellular, entire, angular to rarely slightly lobate,
6–10x6–8 μm. Thyriothecia
loosely grouped, orbicular, up to 140μm in diameter, margin dentate to
fringed, fringed hyphae tortuous, elongated and devoid of appressoria, such
hyphae also emerge from the mycelia, thyriothecia dehiscing stellately at the
center; asci many, globose, eight spored, 40–47 μm in diameter;
ascospores conglobate, brown, 1- septate, deeply constricted at septum, both
cells unequal, 27–31x15–19 μm, wall smooth.
This
species was first reported from South Africa (Doidge 1942).
Asterina
triumfetticola Yamam., sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ. Agric., Agric.
Biol. Ser. 3:29, 1957; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 585, 2000;
Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 17: 945, 2002; 21: 2329, 2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 158, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 765, 2012 (Fig. 171).
Materials
examined: HCIO 50728, TBGT 4645; HCIO 50730, TBGT 4647, 11.xi.2009, on
leaves of Triumfetta sp. (Tiliaceae), Puthucherry Kadavu, coll. A.
Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies
epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae strongly appressed to the host
surface, substraight to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 16–24x3–4 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
unicellular, stipitate to sessile, globose, clavate, angular to deeply lobate,
4–7 μm long, 7–9 μm broad. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
70μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate; asci globose,
octosporous, bitunicate, 20–28 μm in diameter; ascospores pale-brown,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 14–16x6–8
μm, wall smooth to slightly punctate. Pycnothyria numerous, orbicular, smaller than thyriothecia;
pycnothyriospores pyriform, deep brown, 14–16x11–12 μm.
This
species was known on Triumfetta bartamia from Taiwan (Yamamoto 1956,
1957). This collection was
associated with Irenopsis sp.
Asterina
viburnicola Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 764, 2012.
Asterina
viburni Hosag., Dhivaharan & Nithytharani, J. Sci. Environ.
& Technov. 4: 47, 2010 (Fig. 172).
Materials
examined: TBGT 6148, 6150, 6153, 7.i.2010, on leaves of Viburnum
cylindricum Buch. Ham. ex D. Don (Caprifoliaceae), Periya, coll.
M.C. Riju et al.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, scattered to confluent, 2–5 mm in
diameter. Hyphae flexuous,
branching opposite at acute angle, loosely reticulate, cells
15–25x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, two celled, antrorse to retrorse, straight to
curved, 17–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
7–10 μm long; head cells cylindrical, slightly angular to sublobate,
7–10x5–10 μm. Thyriothecia grouped at the centre of the colony, orbicular, up to
95μm in diameter, dehisce stellately at the center, margin crenate; asci
globose, eight spored, 32–35 μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate,
1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 17–20x7–10 μm,
wall smooth.
This is
the only species of the genus Asterina known on the members of the
family Caprifoliaceae (Hosagoudar & Abraham 2000; Stevens & Ryan 1939;
Katumoto 1975; Yamamoto 1957).
Materials
to be identified
Asterina sp.
Materials
examined: HCIO 44881 TBGT 1109, 22.xii.2002, on leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae), Periya, coll.
Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO 45117, TBGT 1172, 7.iii.2001, Periya, coll. G.
Rajkumar & P.A. Jose; HCIO 45120, TBGT 1175, 8.i.2001, syzygium sp.
Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 45165, TBGT 1220, 8.i.2002, Chandanathode,
coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO 45285 TBGT1323, 19.xi.1998
Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 45287, TBGT 1325, 14.ix.1999, Chembra,
coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 50049, TBGT 4201, 16.ii.2009, Periya, coll. Robin et al.;
HCIO 45258,TBGT 1296, 12.vii.2002, on leaves of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae),
Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen; HCIO 47469, TBGT 2507, 15.iv.1999, on leaves of Canthium
dicocerum (Rubiaceae), Thirunelly Shola, coll. C.K. Biju.
The genus Asterolibertia
Asterolibertia Arn., Les Asterinees, 1: 161, 1918; Hansf., Mycol.
Pap. 15: 189, 1946; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw. 11:97, 1962; Arx
& Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 43, 1975; Bilgrami, Jamaluddin & Rizwi, Fungi
of India p. 54, 1991; Hosag., Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39:
61, 2001; Singh, Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 185, 2008;
Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5): 772, 2012. Steyaertia Bat. & Maia, Univ.
Recife, Inst. Mycol. Publ. 295:5, 1960.
Wardina Arn., Les Asterinees 1: 165, 1918.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
intercalary, setae absent. Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
stellately at the center; asci globose, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores
conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. A. couepiae (Henn. ) Arn.
This genus represents here with a single
species.
Asterolibertia vateriae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 13, 2006;
Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 168,
2011; Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5): 774, 2012 (Fig. 173).
Material examined: HCIO 49774, TBGT 3926,
13.ii.2009, on leaves of Vateria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae),
Thirunelly, coll. Jacob Thomas et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, cause water soaked lesions on the corresponding opposite surface of
the leaves, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 12–21x11–13 μm. Appressoria intercalary, ovate to oblong, located in the cell with a
central marking, 10–15x2–14 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, initially
orbicular, later ellipsoidal, 300–400x150–250 μm, vertically
to irregularly dehisced at the centre, often central portion dissolved, margin
crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous, compact; asci globose, ovate,
octosporous, up to 35μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 36–39x21–23 μm, wall
smooth.
Asterolibertia anisopterae (Sydow) Hansf. and A. flabellariae (Sydow)
Hansf. are known on Anisoptera thursifera and Flabelliferia
paniculata from Philippines and Sierra Leone, respectively. A. vateriae differs from A.
anisopterae in not forming polygonal meshes of hyphae, having smaller
thyriothecia and in causing pathogenic effect on the host. It differs from A. fabelliferae in
having distinctly larger ascospores (Hansford 1947, 1949). Ascospores are
smaller than A. hydnocarpi Hosag. & Abraham (Hosagoudar &
Abraham 1997a; Hansford 1947, 1949).
The genus Ishwaramyces
Ishwaramyces Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 183, 2004; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 169, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 779, 2012.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria appears
in clusters, setae absent. Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
stellately at the center; asci globose, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores
conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. I. flacourtiae Hosag., et al.
The genus Ishwaramyces differs from the
genus Asterina in having axilliary clusters of appressoria (Muller &
Arx, 1962; Arx & Muller, 1975).
Ishwaramyces flacourtiae Hosag., Kamar. & Sabu in Hosag.,C.K. Biju
& Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 183, 2004;Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 169, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
780, 2012. (Fig. 174).
Material examined: TBGT 6648, 6.iii.2008, on leaves of Flacourtia
montana Graham (Flacourtiaceae), Palcherry, coll. P.J. Robin et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense to dense, up to
2mm in diameter, confluent and cover an entire upper surface of the
leaves. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite to closely reticulate, cells 16–20x4–5
μm. Appressoria opposite,
1–2 smaller at the axilliary, antrorse, two celled, 8–12 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–4 μm long; head cells
ovate, globose, entire, 4–8x7–9 μm. Thyriothecia descrete to cuneate,
orbicular, up to 345μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin
crenate to fimbriate; asci numerous, globose, octosporous, 45–56 μm
in diameter; ascospores conglobate, initially hyaline, brown at maturity,
uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septum, 30–37x19–21 μm,
wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to
thyriothecia, smaller; pycnothyriospores oblong to pyriform, brown,
26–30x17–19 μm, wall smooth.
The genus Meliolaster
Meliolaster Hohnel, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35:701, 1918; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha &Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 171, 2011; Hosag,
Mycosphere 2(5): 780, 2012.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral. Thyriothecia orbicular
with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the centre; asci
globose to ovate, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores brown, 2- septate, upper
cell globose, the lower two cells narrowed and tapering at the base.
Type sp.: M. clavisporus (Pat.) Hohn.
Meliolaster aporusae Hosag., Harish & Archana, Indian J. Sci.
Techn. 2: 6, 2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 171, 2011; Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5): 781, 2012 (Image 15, Fig. 175).
Material examined: HCIO 48296, TBGT 3015,
6.xii.2006, on leaves of Aporusa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.
(Euphorbiaceae), Kunkichira, Periya, coll. M. Harish et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, crustose, up to 4mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight, rarely slightly undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute to
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–22×5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
unicellular, sessile, cylindrical, straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse,
entire, rounded at the apex, 9–11×4–7 μm. Thyriothecia uniformly scattered,
orbicular, up to 250μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae
straight to slightly undulate and devoid of appressoria, thyriothecia
stellately to irregularly dehisced at the centre; asci globose to ovate,
octosporous, 54–61×49–55 μm; ascospores brown, oblong,
2-septate, upper cell globose, the lower two cells narrowed and tapering at
base, constricted only at the upper septum, 41–45×12–14
μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyriospores brown, oblong, unicellular, 9–13×4–7
μm.
The genus Prillieuxina
Prillieuxina Arn., Ann. Ecol. Nat. Agric.Montpellier 16:161, 1918;
Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 169, 1946; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw.
11:132, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (eds.). The Fungi. An
advanced Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 44, 1975;
Bilgrami, Jamaluddin & Rizwi, Fungi of India p. 407, 1991; Hosag., Abraham
& C.K. Biju, J.Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001; Singh, Duke, Bhandari &
Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 191, 2008; Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.
173, 2011; Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5), 782, 2012
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria and
setae absent. Thyriothecia
orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center;
asci globose, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores brown, conglobate,
uniseptate.
Type sp. P. winteriana (Pazschke) Arn.
Prillieuxina ixorigena Hosag. & Chandraprabha, Indian J. Sci.
Technol. 2(6): 18, 2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal,Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 178, 2011; Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5), 787, 2012. (Fig. 176).
Material examined: TBGT
6190, 10.iii.2010, on leaves of Ixora
coccinea L. (Rubiaceae), Wayanad, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 2mm in
diameter. Hyphae crooked, branching
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
18–26 μm long and up to 4μm broad. Appressoria absent. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped in the
center of the colonies, orbicular, up to 100μm in diameter, stellately
dehisced at the center, margin crenate; asci globose, octosporous, up to
30μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted
at the septum, 20–26x7–11 μm, wall smooth; pycnothyriospores
ovate, pyriform, 11–26x7–13 μm, wall smooth.
Prillieuxina
ixorae (Ryan) Ryan and Prillieuxina distinguenda (Sydow)
Ryan are known on the members of the family Rubiaceae (Stevens & Ryan,
1939). However, the present species
differs from Prillieuxina ixorae in having larger ascospores
(20–26×7–11 μm) in contrast to 9x2–7 μm. It also differs from Prillieuxina
distinguenda in having smaller thyriothecia (up to 100μm in diameter)
in contrast to 152–225x100–170 μm and larger ascospores
(20–6×7–11μm) in contrast to
12–14x5–7μm.
Prillieuxina loranthi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd., Philippine J. Sci.
21(2): 141, 1922; Hosag., Sabeena & Jacob Thomas, Plant Pathology &
Quarantine 1(1):7, 2011.
Asterinella loranthi Syd. & P. Syd., Philippine J. Sci. C. 8:
490, 1913.
Asterostomula loranthi Theiss., Ann. Mycol. 14: 270, 1916 (Fig.
177).
Materials examined: TBGT 6243, 5.xi.2009, on
leaves of Loranthus sp. (Loranthaceae), Gurukulam Botanic Garden,
Periya, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense to dense, up to
4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, reticulate,
cells 25–40×3–5 μm. Appressoria lacking. Thyriothecia scattered to connate, orbicular, up to
120μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate to
fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 29μm in diameter; ascospores
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 20–22x10–15
μm. Pycnothyria many,
orbicular, joined together marginally, up to 180μm in diameter, dehiscing
stellately at the centre, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous;
pycnothyriospores unicellular, pyriform, ovate, 20–25x12–17 μm,
wall smooth.
This fungus mostly persists in its anamorph
state but a few thyriothecia are mixed with pycnothyria.
Prillieuxina sp.
Materials examined: HCIO 47438, TBGT
2476, 21.iv.2003, on leaves of Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae),
Periya, coll. G. Rajkumar & P.A. Jose; HCIO 47448, TBGT 2486, 14.ix.1999,
on Lasianthus sp. (Rubiaceae), Chembra peak, coll. C.K. Biju;
HCIO 47467, TBGT 2505, 12.viii.1998, Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) (Rubiaceae),
Tirunelly Shola, coll. C.K. Biju.
Key to the Anamorphic Genera
1.
Appressoria absent...............................Asterostomula
1.
Appressoria present ...................................................2
2.
Pycnothyriospores pyriform, ovate........................................................Asterostomella
2.
Pycnothyriospores angular, truncate at the base................................Mahanteshamyces
The genus Asterostomella
Asterostomella Speg., Ann. Soc. Cien. Arg. 22: 198, 1886; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 224, 2011; Hosag,
Mycosphere 2(5): 822, 2012.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral, setae absent. Pycnothyria
orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center;
pycnothyriospores ovate, pyriform, brown.
Type sp. A. paraguayensis Speg.
This genus represents here with a single
species.
Asterostomella boehmeriae Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 58: 491,
1996; Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1285, 2003; 21: 2412, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal Asterinales of Kerala, p. 226, 2011; Hosag,
Mycosphere 2(5): 823, 2012. (Fig.178).
Material examined: HCIO 44791, TBGT 1028,
27.xii.2002, on leaves of Boehmeria sp. (Urticaceae), Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose.
Colonies hypophyllous, black, velvety, later
ash-coloured, mostly confluent, giving a dusty appearance, corresponding upper
surface of the infected leaf portion turn brick red, severely infected leaves
roll dorsally so as to cover the infected parts by exposing the ventral
surface. Hyphae pale yellow,
strongly appressed to the host epidermis, straight to flexuous, branching
opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
12–18.5x5–6.5 μm. Appressoria one to two celled, sessile to stalked, alternate,
6–18.5 μm long; stalk cells (when two celled) cylindrical to
cuneate, 6–6.5 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire to angular
(in sessile), 9–12.5x6–8 μm. Pycnothyria scattered to mostly grouped,
orbicular, 90–155 μm in diameter, margin crenate, dehiscing
stellately at the centre; pycnothyriospores brown, numerous, ellipsoidal,
unicellular, tapered to broadly rounded at the apex, straight to slightly
curved, a hyaline band often present in the middle, 18–31x12–15.5
μm, wall smooth.
The infected leaves were rolled around.
The genus Asterostomula
Mycelium superficial, septate, lacking
appressoria (Batista & Ciferri 1959). Pycnothyria scutate, orbicular, with radiating cells on the upper
surface, stellately dehiscing at the centre, with a crenate to fimbriate margin
(Batista & Ciferri 1959). Pycnothyriospores brown, unicellular, ovate, clavate, and pyriform to
cylindrical.
Type sp. A. loranthi Theiss.
Asterostomula pavettae Hosag. & A. Sabeena, Mycosphere 2(5): 837,
2012. (Fig. 179).
Material examined: TBGT 6203,
23.xii.2008, on leaves of Pavetta indica L. (Rubiaceae),
Wayanad, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin, up to 2mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, cells
20–37x5–7 μm. Pycnothyria scattered to connate, orbicular, up to 140μm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin mostly crenate;
pycnothyriospores ovate to pyriform, 17–27x10–12 μm.
This is the only species known on this host
genus.
The genus Mahanteshamyces
Mahanteshamyces Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 189, 2004; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.241, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 839, 2012.
Foliicolous, ectophytic, parasitic. Mycelium
brown, superficial, appressoriate. Pycnothyria scutate, dimidiate, radiate, orbicular, stellately dehisced
at the center; pycnothyriospores brown, angular, wall straight to sinuate.
Type sp. M. agrostistachydis Hosag.
& C.K. Biju.
The genus Mahanteshamyces differs from
the genus Asterostomella in having roundedly projected and shallowly
lobate, angular and thick walled pycnothyriospores (Batista and Cifferri, 1959;
Sivanesan, 1981; Sutton, 1980). Hofmann & Pipenbaring (2008) showed that this is an anamorph of the
genus Asterina.
Mahanteshamyces agrostachydis Hosag. & C.K. Biju in Hosag.,C.K. Biju &
Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 189, 2004; Hosag., Chandraprabha &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 241, 2011; Hosag, Mycosphere 2(5):
839, 2012 (Fig. 180).
Material examined: HCIO 43993, TBGT 403,
14.iv.1999, on leaves of Agrostistachys indica Dalz. (Euphorbiaceae),
towards the stream side of Chembra hills, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin to subdense,
spreading, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 4–16x1.5– 2.5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate, about 20% opposite, ovate, globose,
oblong, irregularly sublobate to lobate, 6–8x4–6.5 μm. Pycnothyria scattered, orbicular, up to
80μm in diameter, margin crenate, stellately dehisced to widely opened at
the center; pycnothyriospores brown, unicellular, truncate at the base, apex
more or less flattened, 1–3 rounded projection or shallowly lobate,
angular, 12–15x11–13 μm, smooth, thick walled.
This is the anamorph of the genus Asterina.
The family Lembosiaceae
Lembosiaceae Höhn., Ann. Mycol. 16: 146, 1918.Lembosiaceae Hosag.
in Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, with or without
appressoria, nutrient mycelium and leaf permeating stroma present. Ascomata
ectophytic, dimidiate, oval, ellipsoidal, “X” or “Y” shaped, elongated with
radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce longitudinally at the center; asci
globose, spherical, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores two to many septate,
conglobate, hyaline to brown.
Type genus - Lembosia Lev.
Key to the genera of Lembosiaceae
1.
Appressoria present......................................Lembosia
1.
Appressoria absent...................................Echidnodella
Key to the species
Araceae
Lembosia
Single
species......................................L. malabarensis
Myrtaceae
Lembosia
Single
species......................................L. hosagoudarii
Melastomataceae
Echidnodella
Single
species...........................................E. memecyli
The genus Echidnodella
Echidnodella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 422, 1917;
Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw. 11:118, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et
al. (eds.): The Fungi. An advanced Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller,
Stud. Mycol. 9: 46, 1975; Bilgrami, Jamaluddin & Rizwi, Fungi of India p.
185, 1991; Hosag., Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001;
Singh, Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 187, 2008; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 194, 2011; Hosag,
Mycosphere 2(5): 799, 2012.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria absent,
hypostroma absent. Thyriothecia oval, ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated
with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce longitudinally at the center; asci
oval, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate.
Type sp: E. linearis (Sydow) Theiss.
& Sydow
Echidnodella memecyli Hosag. & Abraham, J. Mycol. Res. 102: 185,
1998; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 306, 2001;
Hosag., Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1283, 2003; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 194, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 801, 2012
(Fig. 181)
Material examined: TBGT 5988, 19.xi.2003, on leaves of Memecylon sp. (Melastomataceae), Banasuramala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies hypophyllous, subdense, spreading, up
to 5mm diameter, widely confluent; Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 24–29x2.5–3.5 μm. Appressoria absent. Thyriothecia scattered, rarely connate, ovate,
elongate, straight or curved to acutely sinuate or variously branched,
530–635x31–36 μm, longitudinally split at the centre, mostly
crenate at the margin and rarely fimbriate, fringed hyphae very small; asci
ovate, clavate, globose, 8-spored, 33–36x19–24 μm; ascospores
conglobate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, lower cell slightly
attenuated and upper rounded, 12–14.5x4–6 μm, wall smooth.
Echidnodella memecyli Hosag. & Abraham, Echidnodella miconiae Ryan
and E. melastomatacearum Ryan have been reported on Miconia spp.
from Puerto Rico (Stevens & Ryan 1939). E. memecyli differs from both in
having different shaped, larger thyriothecia and smaller ascospores.
The genus Lembosia
Lembosia Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser., 3, 3: 58, 1845;
Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw. 11:
111, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (eds.): The Fungi. An advanced
Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 43, 1975; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales
of Kerala, p. 204, 2011; Hosag, Asterinales of India. Mycosphere 2(5):
805, 2012.
Heraldoa Bat., Att. Est. Bot. Lab. Critr. Univ. Pavia 16:105,
1959.
Lembosidium Speg., Biol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Cordova. 26:342, 1923.
Lembosiellina Bat. & Maia, Atas Inst. Mycol. Recife 1:329, 1960.
Morenoella Speg., Fungi Guar. 1: 258, 1883.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral. Thyriothecia oval,
ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
longitudinally at the center; asci oval, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores
conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp.: L. melastomatum Mont.
Lembosia hosagoudarii Sivanesan & Shivas, Fungal Diversity 11:
163, 2002; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 205, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 808, 2012.
Lembosia syzygiicola Hosag., Indian J. Forestry 18: 276, 1995 (Fig.
182).
Material examined: HCIO 49999, TBGT 4151, 20.ix.2008, on leaves
of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), Periya, coll. P.J. Robin et al.; HCIO
49810,TBGT 3962, 15.ii.2009, coll. Gireesh et al.,
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 31–38×3–5 μm. Appressoria two celled, scattered, alternate, straight to curved,
9–18 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 μm
long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 4–11×4–7
μm. Thyriothecia scattered to
grouped, rarely connate, initially circular, linear to elliptical at maturity,
carbonaceous black, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous,
thyriothecia dehiscing by a longitudinal slit at the center,
640–930×214–286 μm; asci globose initially, cylindrical
to clavate at maturity, octosporous, 71–84×37–46.5 μm;
ascospores deep brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, both
cells mostly equal in size and shape, 21–28×9–12.5 μm,
wall smooth.
Many species of the genus Eugenia have
been brought under the genus Syzygium. So far, three species, namely, Lembosia
eugeniae Rehm, L. robinsonii Sydow and L. tenella Lev. are
reported on the host species of the genus Eugenia. The present species differsfrom L.
eugeniae Rehm in having larger thyriothecia, asci and ascospores; L.
robinsonii Sydow in having smaller ascospores and from L. tenella Lev.
in having larger asci and narrower ascospores (Stevens & Ryan, 1939).
Lembosia malabarensis (Sydow & Sydow) Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
52: 472, 1994; Song Bin & Hosag., Guizhou Science 21: 94, 2003; Hosag.,
Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 213, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 813, 2012.
Asterina malabreansis Sydow & Sydow in Sydow, Sydow & Butler,
Ann. Mycol. 9: 391, 1911.
Asterinla malabarensis (Sydow & Sydow) Theiss., Broteria 10: 106,
1912.
Prilliexina malabarensis (Sydow & Sydow) Ryan in Stevens & Ryan,
Illinois Biol. Monographs 17: 80, 1939 (Image 16).
Material examined: TBGT 6209, 26.iii.2009, on
leaves of Pothos scandens L. (Araceae), Kandeykayal, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies hypophyllous, on sheaths, up to 3mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 15–23×3–4 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
opposite, unicellular, cylindrical, straight, curved, flexuous, zig-zag to
uncinate, broadly rounded at the apex, 19–24×4–5
μm. Thyriothecia initially
orbicular, later elongated, straight to curved,
500–1000×290–400 μm, dehisce longitudinally at the
centre or sub centre, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae compact,
flexuous; asci few, globose to ovate, octosporous,
40–60×25–40 μm; ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 26–30×16–18 μm,
wall smooth. Pycnothyria mixed with thyriothecia, similar to thyriothecia,
smaller; pycnothyriospores oval, oblong, brown, 28–30×16–18
μm.
This is the only species of the genus known on
the members of the family Araceae. Malabar is the type locality of this fungus. Pycnothyriospores are reported for the
first time for this species. This
species was collected by E. J. Butler from Kanouth of Malabar region.
Elongated thyriothecia with a central
longitudinal slit and the presence of appressoria are characteristic of the
genus Lembosia.
Schiffnerulaceae
Black colonies formed on the leaf surface,
mycelium brown, superficial, septate, appressoriate; appressoria unicellular,
formed laterally. Thyriothecia
orbicular, cells on the upper surface radiating, dissolve at the centre at
maturity; asci globose, bitunicate, 8-spored; ascospores conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum.
Type genus: Schiffnerula Hohnel
(Synamorphs: Digitosarcinella, Mitteriella, Questieriella and Sarcinella).
Teleomorph and the latter two form genera (Questieriella and Sarcinella) are known in the present work.
Key to the genera
1.Teleomorph
present....................................Schiffnerula
1.Known
only with anamorphs.......................................2
2.Black,
sarciniform conidia present..................Sarcinella
2.Subhyaline
to brown, 3-septate, ellipsoidal or fusiform, straight to curved conidia
present..............................Questieriella
Form genus Sarcinella is considered as advanced
than Questieriella. If the fungus possesses both Questieriella and Sarcinella conidia, the fungus is placed under the form genus Sarcinella.
Key
to the species
ASTERACEAE
Schiffnerula
1. On Spilanthus..............................................S. spilanthi
1.
On Vernonia...............................................S. vernoniae
BUXACEAE
Questieriella
Single
species............................................Q. sarcococcae
CAESALPINIACEAE
Schiffnerula
Single
species................................................S. tamarindi
CELASTRACEAE
Schiffnerula
Single
species.....................................................S. celastri
EUPHORBIACEAE
Schiffnerula
1.On Bridelia....................................................S.
brideliae
1.On Ricinus...........................................................S.
ricini
FABACEAE
Sarcinella
Single
species................................................S.dalbergiae
ICACINACEAE
Sarcinella
Single
species...................................................S. hughesii
LYTHRACEA
Schiffnerula
Single
species........................................S. lagerstroemiae
SAPINDACEAE
Sarcinella
Single
species...................................................S. allophyli
SOLANACEAE
Schiffnerula
Single
species...............................................S. palodensis
THEACEAE
Schiffnerula
Single
species.................................................S. camelliae
VERBENACEAE
Schiffnerula
Single
species..................................................S. tectonae
The genus Questieriella
Questieriella Arn. ex Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1729, 1983; Hosag.,
Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 136, 2011.
Colonies black, hyphae superficial, brown, branched,
septate, appressoriate. Appressoria
lateral, unicellular. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, lateral,
0–2-septate. Conidiogenous cells
monoblastic to polyblastic, integrated, terminal, lateral or incorporated in
the hyphae. Conidia blastic,
terminal, solitary, narrowly ellipsoidal to obovoidal, curved, falcate,
sigmoid, truncate at the base, 3-septate.
Type: Q. pulchra Hughes .
This genus represents here with a single species.
Questieriella sarcococcae Hosag., Manoj. & H. Biju, Indian Phytopath.
58: 203, 2005; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2):140, 2011 (Fig.
183).
Material examined: TBGT 6179, TBGT 6181,
4.i.2010, on leaves of Sarcococca sp. (Buxaceae), Periya, coll.
M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, spreading, up to 3mm in
diameter, confluent. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching alternate to irregular at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16–23x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 5%
opposite, oval, globose, entire, 8–12x8–10 μm. Tip of the mycelium converted as
conidiophores, pale yellow, micronematous, mononematous, 0–2-septate,
simple, 5–15x5–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal, integrated, conidia blastic,
solitary, fusiform, straight to slightly curved, pale yellow, 3-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, end cells attenuated to broadly rounded at
the tip, 45–56x9–11 μm.
This species appears to be restricted to high
altitudinal areas.
Questieriella strychni Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 196, 2004.
Hosag., The genus Schiffnerula in India. Plant Pathology &
Quarantine 1(2), 140, 2011 (Fig. 184).
Material examined: TBGT 4044, 20.ix.2008, on leaves of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Strychnaceae), Pulpalli, coll. M. Harish &
P.J. Robin.
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 5 mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 17–21x4–5 μm. Appressoria
numerous to scarce, scattered, alternate to about 5% opposite, globose, entire,
8–10 μm in diameter. Questieriella type of conidia produced
from the pore of hyphal cells, fusiform, pale brown, 3-septate, straight to
curved, sigmoid, often constricted at the middle, end cells pale, conoid,
smaller, 40–45x9–10 μm.
This fungus was associated with the dark colonies of Meliola sp. However, when Meliola colonies
matured, a whitish coating formed on the black colonies and it may be due to
the production of enormous number of Questieriella conidia. The end cells of the conidia were much
smaller and paler than the central two cells. Later, these two end cells
wrinkle and disappear as the spore starts germinating.
This species differs from Schiffnerula spigeliae Hansf.
known on Spigelia anthelmia from Sierra Leone in having larger falcate
conidia (Hansford 1949, Sivanesan 1984).
The genus Sarcinella
Sarcinella Sacc., Michelia 2: 31, 1880; Hosag., Plant Pathology
& Quarantine 1(2):144, 2011.
Colonies black. Hyphae superficial, branched, septate, appressoriate. Appressoria lateral, unicellular. Conidiophores macronematous,
semimacronematous, simple to branched. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, intercalary,
determinate. Conidia solitary, acrogenous or acropleurogenous, subspherical,
sarciniform, dark brown to reddish brown, smooth, constricted at the septa.
Type – S. heterospora Sacc.
Sarcinella allophyli Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 20, 2006; Hosag.
& Riju, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2(6): 7, 2009; Hosag., Plant Pathology
& Quarantine 1(2):144, 2011 (Fig. 185).
Material examined: HCIO 48179, TBGT 2915, 9.xi.2007,
on leaves of Allophylus sp. (Sapindaceae), 16th mile, Padinharathara,
coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 49908, TBGT 4060, 11.xi.2007, coll. A. Chandraprabha.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, dense,
spreading, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to flexuous, pale brown, branching irregular at acute to
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 17–24x3–5 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate,
unilateral, rarely opposite, ovate to mostly globose, entire,
7–9x6–11 μm. Conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, simple, branched, straight
to flexuous, micronematous to semi-macronematous, 9–32x4–6
μm. Conidiogenous cells
terminal, intercalary, monoblastic, integrated, determinate, cylindrical.
Sarciniform conidia solitary, dry, simple, subspherical to oval,
2–10-celled, brown to charcoal black, muriform, constricted at the septa,
24–32 μm in diameter, wall smooth.
Schiffnerula allophyli Hansf. is known on Allophylus sp. from
Uganda (Hansford, 1946, Hosagoudar 2003a,b) and the present fungus is only with
the Sarcinella state.
Sarcinella dalbergiae Hosag. & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 501,
2002; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 150, 2011 (Fig. 186).
Material examined: HCIO 43806, TBGT 391, 19.iv.1999,
on leaves of Dalbergia sp. (Fabaceae), Banasuran mala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae flexuous to
crooked, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate and form loose
mycelial net, cells 12–21x3–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, very few
opposite, unicellular, globose, broad based, entire, 9–12 μm broad
and 6–7 μm high. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous simple, straight, cylindrical,
18–22x11–12 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, monoblastic,
determinate, cylindrical, conidia solitary, simple, acrogenous, spherical to
subspherical, 4–12 celled, sarciniform, deeply constricted at the septa,
charcoal black, 19–30 μm in diameter, wall smooth.
Sarcinella cassiae Butler is known on Cassia tora (Ceasalpiniaceae). Loosely net forming hyphae and few
opposite, globose and larger apressoria distinguishes the present anamorph from
it.
Sarcinella hughesii Hosag. & Venkanna, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 17:
457, 1993; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 154, 2011 (Fig. 187).
Material examined: HCIO 51232, TBGT 5112, 23.xii.2008,
on leaves of Nothopodytes sp. (Icacinaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C.
Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin, scattered, up to 2mm in
diameter. Hyphae flexuous,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 17–30x6–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, globose, broad based, entire,
5–12x7–12 μm. Questieriella conidia few, scattered, ellipsoidal, straight to sigmoid, 3-septate, slightly
constricted at the septa, 37–45x9–11 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores simple,
micronematous, mononematous, unicellular to septate, 5–25x4–6
μm; conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal. Conidia solitary, subspherical to oval,
sarciniform, 2–5-celled, constricted at the septa,
15–30x15–32 μm.
Sarcinella tamarindi Hosag. & Riju, Mycosphere 2(2): 157, 2011;
Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 154, 2011 (Image.17; Fig. 188).
Material examined: HCIO 50595, TBGT 4512 (holotype);
10.x.2010, on leaves of Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae), 16th
mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 51032, TBGT 4949 11.x.2011 coll.
M.C. Riju; HCIO 51035, TBGT 4952, 8.x.2010, 16th mile,
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin, scattered, up to 3mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight,
branching mostly opposite, alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 15–28x2–5 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, one
celled, globose, broad based, entire, 7–8x5–8 μm. Questieriella conidia few,
monoblastic, polyblastic, terminal, cylindrical; conidia solitary, acrogenous,
subspherical, oval, sarciniform, 2–7 celled, constricted at the septa,
25–38x18–32 μm, wall smooth, brown in colour.
This fungus was associated with the colonies of Meliola
tamarindi.
The genus Schiffnerula
Schiffnerula Hohnel, Sber, Akad. Wiss. Wien, math. Nat.kl., I, 118:
867, 1909; Arx & Mueller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 48, 1975; Hughes, Can. J. Bot.
61: 1763, 1983; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2):167, 2011.
Clypeolella Hohnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien., math.- nat.kl. I,
119: 403, 1910.
Phaeoschiffnerula Theiss., Broteria 12: 21, 1917.
Questieria Arn., Les Asterinees 1: 186, 1918.
Diathrypton Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 21: 137, 1922.
Coniosporiella Bat., Atas Inst. Univ. Recife 3: 113, 1966.
Hypahe superficial, colonies foliicolous, brown,
appressoriate, appressoria unicellular. Ascomata arise from the short lateral branches, initially with radiating
cells but the cells dissolve when the ascomata start resuming globose
appearance. Asci few, bitunicate,
broadly ellipsoid to globose, sessile, octosporous, exposed after deliqusing
the ascomatal wall; ascospores brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.
Type – S. mirabilis Hohnel
Schiffnerula brideliae Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153(1): 12,
1941; Hosag. & Riju, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2(6): 7, 2009; Hosag.,
Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 172, 2011 (Fig. 189).
Material examined: HCIO 48169, TBGT 2905; HCIO 48172,
TBGT 2908, 10.xi.2007, on leaves of Bridelia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), 16th
mile, Padinharathara, coll. M. C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
flexuous, branching opposite, alternate to unilateral at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 13–38x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
globose, mammiform, entire, 6–13x6–11 μm. Conidia of Questieriella scattered
in the colonies, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, taper
towards both ends, 28–30x8–11 μm. Conidiophores of Sarcinella produced
lateral to the hyphae, single, straight to flexuous, macronematous,
mononematous, 0–3 septate, 4–7x6–9 μm; conidiogenous
cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical; conidia blastic,
terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose, sarciniform,
cruciately septate, 4–8 celled, constricted at the septa, 26–40
μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, globose, ovate, peridial cells initially
radiating, later central portion dissolved by exposing asci, up to 121 μm
in diameter; asci 3–4 per thyriothecia, globose, octosporous, bitunicate,
27–32 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 8–13x5–7 μm, remain hyaline for
some time but turn brown at maturity, wall smooth.
This fungus was known on Bridelia macrantha from
Uganda (Hansford 1941a, b).
Schiffnerula camelliae (Sydow, Sydow & Butler) Hughes, Pleomorphic
Fungi. The Diversity and its Taxonomic Implications, p. 133, 1987; Hosag., J.
Mycopath. Res. 37: 27, 1999; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2):
173, 2011.
Asterina camelliae Sydow, Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 389, 1911.
Clypeolella camelliae (Sydow, Sydow & Butler) Hansf., Reinwardtia
3: 127, 1954 (Fig. 190).
Material examined: HCIO 50820, TBGT 4737; HCIO
50822, TBGT 4739; HCIO 50824, TBGT 4741, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Thea sinensis (L.)
Kuntze (Theaceae), Periya, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Colonies epiphyllous, rarely amphigenous, caulicolous,
dense, velvety, crustose, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, outer
surface tubercled to crenulated, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
32–40x7–9 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate, unilateral, globose, oval, broad
based, unicellular, entire, crenulated to rarely sublobate,
12–18x14–16 μm. Questieriella type of conidia were few, fusiform, curved, 3-septate, central cells
darker, distal cells paler, attenuated towards the tip and acute to obtusely
rounded at the apices, 80–93x9–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate,
dimidiate, orbicular, up to 150μm in diameter, spreading marginally,
dehisce stellately and dissolve at the centre; asci many, cylindrical,
octosporous, 100–120x30–35 μm, sessile; ascospores biseriate,
1–septate, brownish, upper cell smaller and globose, lower cell oval and
slightly attenuated, 30–37x15–17 μm, wall smooth.
Schiffnerula celastri Hosag., Riju & Sabeena, Indian J. Sci.
Techn. 2(6): 8, 2009; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 177, 2011.
Stigmella palawanensis Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 9: 189, 1914; Sahni,
Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 23: 332, 1964.
Sarcinella palawanensis (Sydow & Sydow) Sahni, Mycopath. Mycol.
Appl. 29: 241, 1966.
Sarcinella paniculatae Verma, Tripathi & R. K. Choudhary, Indian
Phytopath. 52: 379, 1999.
Clypeolella inversa Hohn. sensu Thite & Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath.
26: 76, 1973; (Image 18; Fig. 191).
Material examined: HCIO 48181, TBGT 2917, 16.iii.2007,
on leaves of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae),
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 48229, TBGT 2966, 30.ix.2007, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 48230,
TBGT 2968, 23.i.2008, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju; TBGT 4303, 8.xii.2009,
on the way to Chungattara, Mepadi, coll. Sam P. Mathew; TBGT 4667, 6.xi.2009,
Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju; HCIO 48061, TBGT 2844,
16.iii.2007, coll. M.C. Riju; TBGT 5567, 30.ix.2007, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, up to 4mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
flexuous, branching opposite, alternate to unilateral at acute to wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 13–35x3–4 μm. Appressoria opposite, globose,
mammiform, entire, 3–6x6–9 μm. Conidia of Questieriella were
scattered, not attached, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
taper towards both ends, 33–55x6–9 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced
lateral to the hyphae, single, straight to flexuous, macronematous,
mononematous, 0–2 septate, 11–31x4–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical. Sarcinella conidia blastic,
terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose, sarciniform,
sarcinately septate, 2–8 celled, constricted at the septa, 13–26
μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, ovate, initially radiating, later
central portion dissolved by exposing asci, up to 174μm in diameter,
marginal cells radiating; asci 5–8 per thyriothecia, globose,
octosporous, bitunicate, 15–28 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 17–26x6–13
μm, remain hyaline for some time but turn brown at maturity.
Schiffnerula lagerstroemiae Hosag. & Riju, Bioscience Discovery 2
(2):272, 2010; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 186, 2011.
Sarcinella lagerstroemiae Hosag. & Mohanan, New Botanist 22: 31, 1995
(Fig. 192).
Material examined: HCIO 48130, TBGT 2967, 10.x.2007,
on leaves of Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight (Lythraceae), 16th mile,
Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 48231, TBGT 2969; HCIO 43813, TBGT 392; HCIO 48233, TBGT 2971, 19.xi.1999
on Lagerstroemia sp., Banasuranmala, coll. C.K.Biju; HCIO 48235,
TBGT 2973, 9.xi.2007, Mananthavady, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, confluent, up to 2mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight to
undulating, branching opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 11–26x4–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
globose, mammiform, entire, 6–9x8–11 μm. Conidia of Questieriella type
were few, scattered, attached directly to the hyphae, curved, 3-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, taper towards both ends,
28–37x8–11 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, single, straight, flexuous,
macronematous, mononematous, 0–3 septate, 20–31x4–6
μm; conidiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated,
cylindrical. Sarcinella conidia
blastic, terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose,
sarciniform, 2–8 celled, constricted at the septa, 17–40 μm in
diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia
scattered, globose, orbicular, peridial cells initially radiating, later
central portion dissolved by exposing the asci, up to 66μm in diameter,
marginal cells radiating; asci 1–2 per thyriothecia, globose, 4–6-
spored, bitunicate, 17–26 μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical,
oblong, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 17–22x6–9 μm, remain
hyaline for some time but turn brown at maturity.
Schiffnerula palodensis Hosag. & Riju, Bioscience Discovery 2(2):
272, 2011; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 191, 2011 (Fig. 193
& Image 19).
Material examined: HCIO 51067, TBGT 4984; HCIO 51069,
TBGT 4986; HCIO 51071, TBGT 4988, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Solanum sp.
(Solanaceae), Padinharathara, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight,
branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 8–20x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, ovate, globose to mammiform,
entire, 8–10x6–10 μm. Conidia of Questieriella were scattered, not attached, curved,
3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, taper towards both ends,
14–31x8–11 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, single, straight to flexuous,
micronematous, mononematous, 0–1 septate, 5–22x3–5
μm; conidiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical. Sarcinella conidia blastic, terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose,
sarciniform, sarcinately septate, 3–7 celled, constricted at the septa,
19–33 μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
ovate, peridial cells initially radiating, later central portion dissolved by
exposing the asci, up to 75μm in diameter, marginal cells radiating; asci
2–5 per thyriothecia, globose, octosporous, bitunicate, 12–24
μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at
the septum, 20–23x10–12 μm, brown at maturity, wall smooth.
Schiffnerula ricini Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 160: 117,
1947-48; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 4: 23, 2006; Hosag.
& Riju, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2(6): 7, 2009; Hosag., Plant Pathology
& Quarantine 1(2): 193, 2011 (Fig. 194).
Material examined: HCIO 48180, TBGT 2916, 10.xi.2007,
on leaves of Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), Puthuserikadavu,
Padinharathara, coll. M. C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, up to 3mm in diameter,
epiphyllous colonies subdense, confluent, hypophyllous colonies crustose, some
times confluent. Hyphae substraight
to flexuous, branching opposite, irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 8–33x2–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
globose, mammiform, entire, 6–9 x 6–10 μm. Conidia of Questieriella were
scattered, mostly not attached, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the
septa, taper towards both ends, 26–31x8–11 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced
lateral to the hyphae, single, straight to flexuous, macronematous,
mononematous, 0–2 septate, 9–12x2–5 μm, conidiogenous
cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical; conidia present mostly on
the lower surface of the leaves, blastic, terminal, solitary, dry, ovate to
globose, sarciniform, cruciately septate, 4–8 celled, constricted at the
septa, 19–31 μm in diameter, brown and turn to dark at maturity,
wall smooth. Thyriothecia mostly on the upper surface of the leaves, scattered,
globose, orbicular to ovate, peridial cells initially radiating, later central
portion dissolved by exposing asci, up to 110μm in diameter, marginal
cells mostly persist and radiate; asci 4–8 per thyriothecia, globose,
octosporous, bitunicate, 22–29 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 19–22x8–11
μm, remain hyaline for some time but turn brown at maturity.
Schiffnerula spilanthi Hosag., Sabeena & Riju, Indian Phytopath.
63: 321, 2010; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 193, 2011 (Image
20; Fig. 195 ).
Material examined: HCIO 49106, TBGT 3361, 23.xii.2008,
on leaves of Spilanthes radicans Jaca. (Asteraceae), Padinharathara,
coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 49108, TBGT 3363; HCIO 49109, TBGT 3364, 9.i.2009, 16th
mile, Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, scattered to confluent, up
to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite, alternate to unilateral at acute
to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 10–38x5–8
μm. Appressoria scattered,
alternate, unilateral, rarely opposite, globose, ovate, unicellular, entire, 10–15x10–14
μm. Conidia of Questieriella were scattered, not attached, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at
the septa, taper towards both ends, 37–43x10–15 μm. Sarcinella state not found. Thyriothecia
scattered, ovate, orbicular, peridial cells initially radiating, later the
central portion dissolved by exposing asci, 25–63 μm in diameter,
marginal cells radiating; asci 2–4 per thyriothecia, globose,
octosporous, 25–35 μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 20–23x10–13 μm, wall
smooth.
Schiffnerula tectonae (Thite & Patil) Hosag., Zoos Print J. 18:
1077, 2003; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 196, 2011.
Clypeolella tectonae Thite & Patil, Geophytology 15: 84, 1985.
Stat. Anamorph: Sarcinella tectonae Hosag.
& Manoj., Zoos’ Print J. 19: 1389, 2004; Hosag., Plant Pathology &
Quarantine 1(2): 196, 2011 (Fig. 196).
Material examined: HCIO 49978, TBGT 4130,
14.iii.2007, on leaves of Tectona grandis L.
(Verbenaceae), Puthuserykadavu, coll. M.C. Riju; HCIO 49982, TBGT 4134, HCIO
50879, TBGT 4796, Padinharathara, 4.xi.2009, coll. A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to
1mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae pale brown, slightly flexuous, branching alternate to irregular
at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–20x4–7
μm. Appressoria brown,
scattered, alternate, globose to slightly ovate, entire, 9–12 μm in
diameter; conidiophores simple, micronematous, mononematous, pale, entire,
5–8 μm long; conidiogenous cells integrated, monoblastic, terminal;
conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, simple, globose, sarciniform,
4–12-celled, carbonaceous black, septa not visible, slightly constricted
at the septa, 16–40 μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, cells
radiating at the upper portion, up to 200 μm in diameter, dissolved at the
central portion by exposing asci; asci ovate to globose, eight spored,
30–50x12–22 μm; ascospores oblong, conglobate, uniseptate,
constricted at the septum, 10–20x9–11 μm.
Colonies were hyperparasitized by Acremoniula
sarcinellae.
Schiffnerula vernoniae Hosag., Sabeena & Riju, Indian Phytopath.
63: 3231, 2010; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 198, 2011.
Sacinella vernoniae (Dearn. & Barth.) Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1748,
1983; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 281, 2001.
Piricauda vernoniae (Dearn. & Barth.) Moore, Rhodora 61:106, 1959
(Fig. 197; Image 21).
Material
examined: HCIO 49105, TBGT 3360, 23.xii.2008, on leaves of Vernonia
anthelmintica (L.) Willd. (Asteraceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju;
HCIO 49107, TBGT 3362, 9.i.2009, 16th mile, Padinharathara, coll.
M.C. Riju; Anamorphs: HCIO 44789, TBGT 1026, 12.xii.2002, on leaves of V. conyzoides DC., Chandanathode, coll. M. Kamarudeen & P.A. Jose; HCIO
44410, TBGT 667, 7.xi.2001, on Vernonia sp., Brahmagiri, coll. S.Shiburaj.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin, up to 2mm in diameter,
confluent. Hyphae substraight to
undulating, branching alternate, unilateral to opposite at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 7–38x5–7 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate,
unilateral, opposite to subopposite, globose, mammiform, entire,
7–13x7–12 μm. Conidia of Questieriella scattered, 3-septate, straight, slightly
constricted at the septa, taper towards both ends, 30–35x10–13
μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae,
single, straight, flexuous, micronematous, mononematous, 8–14x5–7,
conidiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical. Sarcinella conidia blastic, terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose,
sarciniform, 2–7 celled, constricted at the septa, 30–38 μm in
diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, ovate, orbicular, peridial cells
initially radiating, later central portion dissolved by exposing the asci, up
to 83 μm in diameter, marginal cells radiating; asci 2–4 per
thyriothecia, globose, octosporous, 20–23 μm in diameter; ascospores
oblong, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
20–25x10–13 μm, wall smooth.
Phyllachorales
Stromata absent to well developed, immersed in
plant tissue, clypeate; ascocarps perithecial, thin walled; interascal tissue
simple, thin walled, wide paraphyses, may be deliquescent; asci cylindrical,
thin walled, persistent, apical ring inconspicuous; scospores hyaline, one
celled, rarely ornamented, parasitic on leaves and stems, some necrotrophic, a
few saprophytic; anamorphs coelomycetous. This order represents here a single family.
Phyllachoraceae
Stromata well developed, immersed in plant
tissue, clypeate, black, very rarely bright coloured, ascocaps perithecial,
thin walled, ostiolate; paraphyses thin walled; asci cylindrical, thin walled,
persistent, apical ring inconsicuous; ascospores hyaline, non septate to
septate, rarely ornamented, parasitic on living leaves and young stems;
anamorphs coelomycetous.
The members of this family produce “tar spot”
disease symptoms. Perithecia
completely buried in the host tissues, globose, membranous to leathery, dark,
more or less aggregated with clypeus, formed by the filling of the epidermal
layers of the host with dark, dense fungus tissue, through which the ostioles
of the perithecia open (Hansford, 1946).
Type genus: Phyllachora Nitschke ex
Fuckel
The genus Phyllachora
Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel, Jb. Nassau. Ver Naturk. 23-24:
217, 1870.
Catacauma Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 12: 280, 1914.
Clypeostigma Hohnel, Sitx. Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math. Nat. Kl.
1. Abt. 128: 556, 1919.
Clypeotrabutia Seav. & Chard., Scient. Surv. Porto Rico Virg.
Isl. 8/1, Bot. 60, 1926.
Diplosporis Clem., Gen. Fung. 27, 1909.
Discomycopsella P. Henn., Hedwigia 41: 146, 1902.
Endodothella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 582, 1915.
Endophyllachora Rehm, Philippine J. Sci. 7:197, 1913.
Endotrabutia Chard., J. Agric. Porto Rico 14:270, 1930.
Geminispora Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 9: 151, 1893.
Halstedia Stev., Bot. Gaz. 69: 253, 1920.
Metachora Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 400, 1911.
Phaeotrabutia Garces, Caldasia (Columbia) 1: 77, 1941.
Phaeotrabutiella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 360, 1915.
Phragmocarpella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 13: 602, 1915.
Plectastroma Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 12: 269, 1914.
Plectosphaera Theiss., Ann. Mycol. 32: 413, 1934.
Pseudomelasmia P. Henn., Hedwigia 41: 115, 1902.
Sirentiloma P. Henn., Hedwigia, p. 319, 1895.
Tolediella Viegas, Bragntia 3: 128, 1943.
Trabutiella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 12: 180, 1912.
Infection produces “tar-spots”. Clypei dark-brown
to black, develop in the epidermal cells and sometimes beneath the perithecial;
perithecial wall pseudoparenchymatous, perithecia ostiolate, ostioles extending
through the clypeus. Asci
unitunicate, peristant, clavate to cylindrical, possessing crown at the apex,
slightly or distinctly stipitate. Ascospores hyaline, single celled, oval, ovoid to truncate, uniseriate
to biseriate but may be irregular at maturity. Spermogonia frequently found
(Parbery, 1967).
Type: P. graminis (Pers.: Fr.) Nke.
Key to the species
1.
On the members of Asclepiadaceae.......................................................................Phyllachora
gymnemae
1.
On the members of other families..............................2
2.
On Moraceae...............................................................3
2.
On the members of other families..............................4
3.
Stroma epiphyllous, cause depression on the lower surface...
...........................Phyllachora catarvaria
3.
Not so.......................................Phyllachora infectoriae
4.
On Glycosmis...........................Phyllachora glycosmidis
4.
On Symplocos.............................Phyllachora symploci
Phyllachora catarvaria (Berk.) Sacc.
, Syll. Fung. 2: 598, 1883; Theiss. & Sydow,
Ann. Mycol. 13: 469, 1915; Kamat, Seshadri & Pande, A Monographic study of
Indian species of Phyllachora, p. 20, 1978; Hosag., Indian Phytopathol.
38: 447, 1985; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13: 121, 1989.
Phyllachora topographica Sacc.
, Syll. Fung. 14: 669, 1899.
Phyllachora fici- hispidae Seshadri
, Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 34: 318, 1968.
Materials examined: HCIO 49882, TBGT 4034,
7.ix.2008, on leaves of Ficus hispida
L. (Moraceae), Periya, coll. Harish et al.
Infection hypophyllous, rarely amphigenous,
black, 1–2 mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Stromata hypophyllous, black, raised,
shiny, up to 1mm in diameter, loculate. Perithecia 1–5 per stroma,
immersed, oval to irregular, 216–506x54–146 µm; asci many,
cylindrical, octosporous, stipitate, 58–84x8–10 µm; ascospores
uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, globose, 5–9 µm in diameter.
This infection starts soon after the emergence
of the young leaves and makes the infected leaves to roll inwardly, making the
infected leaves distinct from rest of the leaves and can be detected even from
a distance. Often cause depression
and pseudo blisters of the infected leaves.
Phyllachora glycosmidis Petch. in Saccardo, Syll Fung. 24: 603,
1926; Ramakrishnan, T. S. & Ramakrishnan, K., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect.
B, 32: 100, 1950; Ananthakrishnan, S., Mycopath. Mycol. appl., 11, 1964.
Materials examined: HCIO 49399, TBGT
3644, 12.ii.2009, on leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)
DC. (Rutaceae), Thirunelly, coll. P.J.Robin et al.
Infection
spots epiphyllous, gregarious in circular beaded spots, showing corresponding
eruptions on the lower sides. Stromata black, minute, shining, scattered, uni- to biloculate. perithecia innate, ostiolate, flask- shaped,
151–345x138–290 µm; asci cylindrical, pedicellate, octosporous, but
often 6- spored, 92.8–112.0x5–7 µm; ascospores ellipsoid,
monostichous, thin walled, 9.6–12.8x5.6–7.2 µm.
Phyllachora gymnemae Hosag. & Jacob Thomas, J. Appl. Nat. Sci.
2(1):104, 2010.
Materials examined: HCIO 49423, TBGT
3668, 14.ii.2009, on leaves of Gymnema sp. (Asclepiadaceae), Thirunelly,
coll. Harish et al.
Stromata epiphyllous, caulicolous, up to 5mm in
diam., shining, black, raised; perithecia 1–3 per stromata, oval, globose
to craterviform, ostiolate, 105–220x130–180 µm; asci numerous,
cylindrical, paraphysate, unitunicate, up to 94µm long; ascospores uniseriate,
oval, hyaline, elongated and slightly pointed at both ends,
9–14x4–7 µm.
Phyllachora infectoriae Cooke
, Grevillea 13: 63, 1885; Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9:
1013, 1891; Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 396, 1911; Kamat, Seshadri &
Pande, A Monogrphic Study of Indian species of Phyllachora, p. 46, 1978;
Hosag., Indian Phytopath. 38: 449, 1985; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13: 122, 1989.
Materials examined: HCIO 49883, TBGT 4035,
19.ix.2008, on leaves of Ficus infectoria
Roxb. (Moraceae), Baveli, coll. Robin et al.
Infection foliicolous, epiphyllous in big
patches, black, corresponding lower surface depressed, rarely amphigenous,
5–10 mm in diameter. Stromata
epiphyllous, black, shining, raised, clypeate, up to 10mm in diameter, often
coalesced, loculate. perithecia 1–10 per stroma, spherical to flask
shaped, 210–520x214–276 µm; asci cylindrical, many, unit-unicate,
stipitate, octosporous, 89–112x14–16 µm; ascospores hyaline, oval,
uniseriate to irregular, 12–19x7–9 µm, contents granular.
This species stands distinct in having largely
spreading epiphyllous stromata and the corresponding opposite surface of the
infected portion got depressed.
Phyllachora symploci Pat. in Sacc., Syll, Fung., II: 371,
1895; Ananthanarayanan, Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 22: 6, 1964.
Phyllachora ectophytica Tilak, Sydowia 12: 186, 1958.
Materials examined: HCIO
50840, TBGT 4757; HCIO 50842, TBGT 4759, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Symplocos sp. (Symplocaceae),
Gurukulam Botanical Garden, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena.
Infection spots prominent, epiphyllous,in beaded
circular outline, scattered, 1–4 mm or even more in diam. Stromata epiphyllous, black, cushion
shaped, highly developed, scattered. Perithecia typically bowl- shaped, hemispherical, ostiolate,
subcuticular, 637–728 µm; asci cylindrical, pedicellate, octosporous,
obtuse at the apex, in basal layers, paraphysate, 86–99x15–17 µm;
ascospores 8, monostichous, oblong to ellipsoid, 21–22x8–10 µm.
Phyllachora
sp.
Materials
examined: HCIO 47423, TBGT 2461, 19.xi.1999, on leaves of Ficus sp.
(Moraceae), Banasuran Hills, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 47470, TBGT 2508,
15.xi.1999, Caryota urens L.(Arecaceae)., Chembra peak, coll.
C.K. Biju; HCIO 47524, TBGT 2546, 14.ix.1999, Flacourtia sp.
(Flacourtiaceae), Chembra peak, coll. C.K.Biju.
Other
Ascomycetes
1.Produce
tar spots. ascomata innate...........Rehmidothis
1.Produce
superficial ascomata, cause leaf rolling..........
..............................................................Leptosphaerulina
The genus Leptosphaerulina
Leptosphaerulina McAlpine, Fungus
diseases of stone fruit trees in Australia, p. 103, 1902.
Ascomata ostiolate, uniloculate, perithecoid, pseudothecium superficial
but appressed on the host with hyphae, apex erumpent at maturity. Ascoma composed of pseudo parenchymatous
cells, cells of outer layer are brown and thick walled, interior cells hyaline
and thin walled. Centrum
pseudoparenchymatous. Asci few, bitunicate, saccate, thick walled, eight
spored. Ascospores brown, ellipsoidal, 3–4-horintally septate on the host
but the central cells produce vertical septa in cultures, thin gelatinous
sheath formed around the spores.
Type: L. crassiasca (Sechet) C.R. Jackson & Bell
This genus respresents a single species.
Leptosphaerulina australis McAlp.
, Fung. Dis. 103,
1902; Barr, Preliminary studies on the Dothideales in the Temperate North
America, p. 541, 1972.
Materials examined: HCIO 47455, TBGT 2493, 13.vii.1998, on leaves of Crotalaria sp. (Fabaceae), Thirunelly, coll. C.K. Biju; HCIO 47457, TBGT 2495,
12.viii.1998, coll. C.K. Biju.
Infection epiphyllous. Ascomata superficial, firmly placed on the host
epidermis, globose, 40–70 µm in diameter; asci few to many, clavate,
octosporous, 50–90x30–45 µm, persistent; ascospores hyaline,
transversely septate on the host but deep brown with 1–3-septate vertical
septa in the middle cells when grown in culture, 25–40x10–15 µm.
This is one of the most common diseases on this host genus. Infected plants can be easily recognised
by their unusually folded or rolled leaves. The upper surface of the infected leaves
are being articulately and uniformly arranged with a dark perithecia and can be
easily sensed by gently moving the fingers on the infected leaf surface.
The genus Rehmidothis
Rehmidothis Theiss. & Sydow,
Ann. Mycol. 12:192, 1914.
Stromata amphigenous, black, raised, shining. Perithecia in stroma, oval, ostiolate;
asci clavate to cylindrical, unitunicate, flattened at the base, octosporous,
persistent; ascospores uniseriate, biseriate to irregular at maturity, ovoid,
hyaline, uniseptate at the basal part, slightly constricted at the septum and
give the spore proper pinch-off appearance.
Type: R. osbeckiae (Berk. & Broome) Theiss. &
Sydow
This genus represents here with a single species
Rehmidothis osbeckiae (Berk. & Broome)
Theiss.
& Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 12: 192, 1914.
Trabutia osbeckiae Ramakr. &
Sundaram, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 40: 19, 1954.
Materials examined: HCIO 47459, TBGT 2497, 19.xi.1999, on leaves and
stems of Osbeckia sp. (Melastomataceae), Banasuranmala, coll. C.K. Biju.
Stromata amphiphyllous, caulicolous, mostly epiphyllous, black, raised,
shining, scattered to often coalesced, up to 2mm diameter. Perithecia 1–3 per stroma, oval,
150–220x100–160 µm, ostiolate; asci clavate to cylindrical,
unitunicate, flattened at the base, octosporous, 25–52x12–16 µm at
the basal portion and 14–22 µm broad at the apical portion, persistent;
ascospores uniseriate, biseriate to irregular at maturity, ovoid, hyaline,
uniseptate at the basal part, slightly constricted at the septum and give the
spore proper pinch-off appearance, 12–18x5–7 µm.
This is a very common fungus on this host genus and cause tar spot
disease.
Key to the Hyphomycetes
1.Parasitic fungi...............................................................4
1.Hyperparasites............................................................2
2.On Sarcinella...............................................Acremoniula
2.On
other fungi..............................................................3
3.
On Balladyna................................................Acrodictys
3.
On Meliolaceae members...........................................6
4.
Lateral ampulliform appressoria present.....................
.......................................................................Ampullifera
4.
Not so.........................................................................5
5.
On Gmelina................................................Passalora
5.
On Terminalia...........................................Colemaniella
6.
On Armatella.............................Spiropes
armatellicola
6.
On other fungi............................................................7
7.
Conidiophore zig-zag at fertile portion.........................
..........................................................Spiropes
guareicola
7.
Conidiophore not so.....................................................
............................................................. Spiropes capensis
Acremoniula sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.) Arn. ex Deight., Mycol. Pap. 118: 3, 1969; Hosag.,
Biju, C.K. and Abraham, J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. 25: 283, 2001; Hosag., Zoos´ Print
J. 21: 2322, 2006.
Acremoniela sarcinellae Pat. & Har., J. Bot. Paris 14: 245. 1900.
Acremoniula sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.). Arnaud, Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 69: 268.
1954.
Dicoccum pulchrum Thumen, Revu Mycol. 1: 11. 1879.
Domingoella pycnopeltarum Batista, Anais IV congr. Bot. Brasil: 77. 1953 (Fig. 198).
Materials examined: HCIO 44789, TBGT 1026,
27.xii.2002, colonies of Sarcinella vernoniae (Dearn. & Barth.) Hughes, Vernonia conyzoides DC. (Asteraceae), Chandanathode,
coll. V.B. Hosagoudar et. al.
Hyphae hyaline, branched, septate, up to 3μm wide. Conidiophores arise one to many from the single hyphal cells, micronematous, mononematous, mostly
straight, hyaline, aseptate, 3–9x3-5 μm; conidiogenous cells
monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, cylindrical; conidia solitary,
dry, unicellular, brown to deep black, globose, oval to
pyriform, 10–14 μm in diameter, wall smooth, a portion of hyaline
conidiophore often attached with the base.
Acrodictys
balladynae (Hansf.) M.B. Ellis Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes, p. 129, 1971.
Acrospeira
balladynae Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 157: 40, 1945.
Material
examined: HCIO 4515, TBGT 801, 5.ii.2002, on Balladyna sp. infected
leaves of Pavetta sp. (Rubiaceae), Chandanathode forest, coll. M.
Kamarudeen.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly hypophyllous, dense, crustose to velvety, up to 5mm in
diameter. Hyphae superficial, pale,
branched, septate, 1.5–2.5 µm broad. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, simple, cinnamon brown,
erect, straight, smooth, rarely septate, slightly tapering towards apex, 30-40
µm long; 3–5 µm broad at the base; 1.5–3 µm broad at the tip. Conidia solitary, dry, terminal,
obpyriform, clavate, broadly triangular, brown to black, upper stratum with
2–3-cells, second stratum with two cells and the lowest basal cell pale,
17–20 µm long; 13–15 µm broad at the upper portion, 9–12 µm
broad at the second cell layer and up to 3µm broad at the basal cell.
This
species was known from Ghana, Sierra Leone and Uganda (Ellis 1971).
Ampullifera
foliicola Deight., Mycol. Pap. 78: 36, 1960; Ellis, Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes, p. 96, 1971.
Material
examined: HCIO 43463, TBGT 286, 19.xi.1999, on leaves of Neolitsea
scrobiculata (Meisner) Gamble (Lauraceae), Banasuran Hills, coll. C.K.
Biju.
Colonies
mixed with other parasites. Hyphae superficial, cinnamon brown, straight to
substraight, branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
to rarely closely reticulate, septate, often constricted at the septa, cells
cylindrical, 8–10x5–7 µm. Appressoria (Hyphopodia) almost have
similar colour to that of hyphal cells, often deep brown, initially globose,
later ampulliform, neck pale and elongated, 6–10x4–7 µm. Conidiophores few to many, arise
laterally, later perpendicular to the hyphae, dark brown, straight to slightly
curved, macronematous, mononematous, septate, often constricted at the septa,
16–40x3–5 µm; conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal,
monoblastic, percurrent; conidia produced in chains of 1–7 numbers,
ovate, versiform, rarely globose, pale brown to cinnamon brown,
8–10x4–6 µm.
This
genus was associated with Meliola neolitseae Yamam. and Armatella sp.
and was known on various plants from Brazil, Ghana, Malaya, Sahah, San Domingo,
Sarawak and Sierra Leone.
Colemaniella
osoori Agnihothrudu, J. Coffee Res. 4: 3, 1974; Ellis, More
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes,366, 1976; Karandikar & Patwardhan, Biovigyanam
11: 143, 1985 (Image 21).
Material
examined: HCIO 49776, TBGT 3928, 12.ii.2009; TBGT 3931, 18.ii.2009, on
leaves of Terminalia sp. (Combretaceae), Muthanga, coll. Jacob Thomas et
al.
Colonies
hypophyllous, black, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae ectophytic, brownish black,
septate, branched at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
10–20x3–5 μm. Appressoria few, scattered, lateral and intercalary, mostly globose,
entire, 8–12x10–12 μm. Conidiophores micronematous, 1-2-celled, mostly straight,
8–10X4–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated and terminal on short branches,
enteroblastic, cyathiform, striated, 14–20x7–20 μm. Conidia solitary, dry, straight to
slightly curved, broadly ellipsoidal to obovoidal, dark brown to black,
3–5 horizontal septa with a vertical one, outer wall constricted at the
septa, 24–50x16–25 μm, protruded and bluntly pointed towards
the tip, hyaline to pale brown, up to 10μm long.
The
genus Passalora
Passalora Fries,
Summa Veg. Scane. p. 500, 1849.
Colonies
usually hypophyllous, effuse, olivaceous, velvety, sometimes causing leaf
spots. Mycelium immersed. Stroma
none. Setae and appressoria absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, caespitose, emerging through
stomata, unbranched or occasionally branched, straight to flexuous, olivaceous
brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells
polyblastic, sympodial, integrated, terminal, becoming intercalary, cicatrized;
scars slightly but distinctly thickened, not or very slightly prominent. Conidia solitary, dry, acropleurogenous,
obclavate, pale olivaceous brown, smooth, mostly 1-septate, the proximal cell
swollen and long ellipsoidal, the distal cell narrow, sybcylindrical to very
long ellipsoidal, rarely 2-3 septate.
Type: Passalora
bacilligera (Mont. & Fr.) Mont. & Fr.
Passalora
gmelinae-arboreae (A.K. Sarbhoy, Hosag. & N. Ahmad) Braun
& Crous, Mycospherella and its anamorphs:1. Names published in Cercospora and Passalora: 454, 2003.
Mycovellosiella gmelinae-arboreae A.K. Sarbhoy, Hosag. & N. Ahmad, J. Econ. Taxon Bot. 7 (3): 521, 1986 (Fig.
199).
Material
examined: HCIO 51050, TBGT 4967, 8.x.2010, on leaves of Gmelina
arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae), Vetarinary College Campus, Pookot, Vythiri,
coll. M.C. Riju.
Colonies
hypophyllous, greyish brown, velvety, 1–4 mm in diameter, often
confluent. Mycelium superficial,
olivaceous brown, septate, 6–8 µm broad. Conidiophores macrone-matous, repeatedly
branched, flexuous, inter-twining, olivaceous brown, 72–88x4–6
µm. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
sympodial, scars conspicuous. Conidia solitary, rarely in chains, straight or curved, subhyaline to
olivaceous brown, smooth, 1–8 septate, rarely up to 12- septate,
72–88x4–6 µm.
Spiropes
armatellicola Hosag. & D.K. Agarwal, J: Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 26: 603, 2002 (Fig. 200).
Material
examined: HCIO 43592, TBGT 287.2509, 16.iv.1999, on the colonies of Armatella sp., on Actinodaphne sp. (Lauraceae), Banasuran Hills, coll. C.K.Biju.
Colonies
mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae superficial, pale brown,
branched, surrounded around appressoria and mycelium of the host, 1–2µm
broad. Conidiophores solitary,
simple, mononematous, erect, straight, brown, straight to flexuous and paler
towards apex, conidial scars scattered, 60–112x4–6.5 µm. conidiogenous cells polyblastic,
integrated, terminal and intercalary, conspicuous. Conidia straight to slightly
curved, obclavate, rostrate at the apex, truncate at the base, pale brown,
uniseptate, rostrate above the septum, ovate below the septum, slightly hinged
at the base, 24–29 µm long, 6–8µm broad at the broadest portion, up
to 3µm broad at the base, beak 8–16 µm long and up to 1.5µm broad at the
tip.
Spiropes
capensis M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 114: 5, 1968;
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes
p. 252, 1971 (Fig. 201).
Material
examined: HCIO 44412, TBGT 665, 20.x.2001, on Meliolaceae member, on leaves of Glycosmis
pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (Rutaceae), Wayanad, coll. M. Kamarudeen;
HCIO 44642, TBGT 924, 20.v.2002, Mallotus sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Thirunelly,
coll. S. Shiburaj; HCIO 44883, TBGT 1111, 26.xii.2002, on Meliolaceae member on Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., Periya, coll. Kamarudeen & P.A.
Jose.
Colonies
mostly hypophyllous, dense, velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent and cover
most of the leaf area. Hyphae
superficial, branched, pale to pale brown, smooth, cells
11–21X1.5–5 µm. Appressoria and setae absent. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary and also in groups
but not synnematous, simple, brown, septate, paler towards the apex,
224–400X6–7 µm; conidiogenous cells polyblastic, terminal and
intercalary, sympodial, cylindrical, cicatrized, scars numerous and conspicuous;
conidia solitary, dry, acropleurogenous, simple, broadly obclavate to
ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved-pale yellow to brown, 3–5
septate, mostly pseudoseptate, 41–53 µm long, 6–8 µm broad at the
widest part, 1.5–4µm broad at the apical portion and 4–5 µm wide at
the basal portion, wall smooth.
This
species was reported from several countries and is reported here for the first
time from India (Bilgrami et al. 1991; Ellis, 1971).
Spiropes
guareicola (Stev.) Cif., Sydowia 9: 303, 1955; Ellis,
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes p. 250, 1977. (Fig. 202).
Material
examined: HCIO 50843, TBGT 4760, 6.xi.2009, on leaves of Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Padinharathara, coll. M.C. Riju & A. Sabeena; HCIO 49888,
TBGT 4040, 18.ix.2008, Atalantia sp., (Rutaceae) Thirunelly,
Gireesh et al.
Colonies
black, velvety. Mycelium
superficial, pale, olivaceous brown, branched, septate, appressed to the hyphae
of the host fungus, 3–4 μm wide. Conidiophores arise singly or in loose
groups from the hyphae, simple, straight to flexuous at the basal portion,
zigzag in the upper fertile portion, septate, olivaceous brown,
250-300x7–9 μm, conidial scars numerous, distinct. Conidia solitary, fusiform, taper
towards the apex, slightly narrower towards the truncate base, 3-pseudoseptate,
not constricted, olivaceous brown, 37–55x10–13 μm.
This
species is common on most of the meliolaceous fungi.
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