Monograph
A key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
of South Asia
C. Srinivasulu, Paul A. Racey &
Shahroukh Mistry
Journal of Threatened Taxa
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893
(print)
Monograph
Date of publication (online): 05 July
2010
Date of publication (print): 05 July 2010
ISBN 978-81-902319-0-9 (online) |
978-81-902319-1-3 (print)
Editor: Csorba Gabor
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2352
Received 28
November 2009
Final revised
received 14 April 2010
Finally accepted
19 April 2010
Citation: Srinivasulu, C., P.A. Racey & S.
Mistry (2010). A key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of South Asia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(7): 1001-1076.
Copyright: © C. Srinivasulu, Paul A. Racey &
Shahroukh Mistry 2010. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Author Details
Dr. C. Srinivasulu is an Assistant
Professor of Zoology at University College of Science, Osmania University,
India. He heads the research laboratory
at Osmania University that focuses on biodiversity inventorying, conservation,
ecology and animal taxonomy (including bats) with special reference to Eastern
Ghats and Godavari River basin in Andhra Pradesh.
Professor Paul A.
Racey is a Regius Professor of Natural History
(Emeritus) at University of Aberdeen, UK and a Visiting Professor at University
of Exeter, UK. He is a renowned bat
specialist and is Co-Chair, Bat Specialist Group of IUCN’s Species Survival
Commission and Vice-Chairman, Fauna and Flora International.
Dr. Shahroukh Mistry is at the
Biological Sciences Department, Butte College, California, USA and is a member
of Scientific Advisory Board of Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas,
USA and Chair, Board of Directors of North American Society of Bat Researchers.
Author Contributions
C. Srinivasulu
did the ground work to prepare the key. C. Srinivasulu and Paul Racey worked on
microchiroptera key, while C. Srinivasulu and Shahroukh Mistry worked on
megachiroptera key. All the authors
contributed equally in refining and finalizing the key.
A key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of South Asia
C. Srinivasulu 1, Paul A. Racey
2 & Shahroukh Mistry 3,4
1 Wildlife Biology
Section, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
500007, India
2 Centre for Ecology and
Conservation, School of BioSciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, Penryn,
TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
3 Biology Department, Butte College, 3536 Butte Campus Drive,
Oroville, CA 95965, USA
4 Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929,
USA
Email: 1 csrinivasulu@osmania.ac.in,
2 p.racey@abdn.ac.uk, 3 mistrysh@butte.edu
Keywords:
Checklist,
Chiroptera, dichotomous key, diversity, Mammalia, South Asia
Table of Contents
Characters used
for identification of bats
........................................................................................................................................
1007
Brief description of the genus of the family
Megadermatidae present in South Asia
...................................................................... 1013
Family
Miniopteridae .......................................................................................................................................................................
1018
References
......................................................................................................................................................................................
1019
Appendix I. Some
important literature consulted to prepare the key
.............................................................................................. 1019
Key to the Suborders and the Families
...........................................................................................................................................
1023
Keys to the
Genera and Species of Bats of South Asia
..................................................................................................................
1024
Key 1, Family Pteropodidae
(13 species)
.......................................................................................................................................
1026
Key 2 Family
Megadermatidae (2 species) .....................................................................................................................................
1026
Key 6D, For
tribes of the subfamily Vespertilioninae (38 species)
..................................................................................................
1035
Key 6D i, Tribe
Plecotini (5 species)
............................................................................................................................................... 1036
Key 6D ii, Tribe
Nycticeiini (4 species) ............................................................................................................................................
1037
Key 6D iii, Tribe
Eptesicini (9 species)
............................................................................................................................................
1038
Key 6D iv, Tribe Pipistrellini (12 species)
........................................................................................................................................
1039
Key 6D v, Tribe Vespertilionini
(8 species)
......................................................................................................................................
1041
Table 3.1.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the two species of the genus Rousettus Gray, 1821
present in South Asia .... 1045
Table 3.2.
Diagnostic morphological characters of four species of the genus Pteropus Brisson, 1762
present in South Asia ....... 1045
Table 3.3.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the two species of the genus Cynopterus Cuvier, F., 1824
present in South Asia ...................................................................................................................................................................................
1046
Table 4.2.
Diagnostic morphological characters of five species of the genera Taphozous E. Geoffroy, 1818
and Saccolaimus Lesson, 1842
present in South Asia
........................................................................................................................................
1049
Table 4.4. Diagnostic
morphological characters of twenty species of the genus Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799
present in South Asia ..
.................................................................................................................................................................................
1050
Table 5.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the family Hipposideridae
present in South Asia .......................... 1054
Table 5.1.
Diagnostic morphological characters of twelve species of the genus Hipposideros Gray, 1831
present in South Asia...1055
Table 5.2.
Diagnostic morphological characters of one species each of the genera Triaenops Dobson, 1871; Asellia Gray, 1838; and Coelops Blyth, 1848 present in South Asia
...................................................................................................................
1057
Table 6.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genera of the family Molossidae
present in South Asia ................................ 1058
Table 7.1.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Harpiocephalus, Harpiola and Murina
present in South
Asia
..........................................................................................................................................................
1062
Table 7.2.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species of the genus Kerivoula present in South
Asia ..............................
1063
Table 7.3.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 present in South Asia
........ ....................................................................................................................................................................................1064
Table 7.5.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Scotoecus, Scotomanes and Scotophilus present in South
Asia
..........................................................................................................................................................
1066
Table 7.6.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genus Arielulus, Hesperoptenus and Eptesicus present in South
Asia ............................................................................................................................................................
1067
Table 7.7.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the species belonging to the genera Nyctalus, Scotozous and Pipistrellus present in South
Asia
................................................................................................................................................................
1068
Table 7.8.
Diagnostic morphological characters of species of the genera Tylonycteris, Ia, Falsistrellus, Vespertilio, Philetor and Hypsugo present in South Asia
.........................................................................................................................................
1069
Table 8.
Diagnostic morphological characters of one genus of the family Miniopteridae
present in South Asia ............................. 1070
Table 8.1.
Diagnostic morphological characters of species of the genera Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837
present in South Asia .... 1071
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We heartily
acknowledge all the bat field researchers and taxonomists from the region and
elsewhere whose published materials we relied upon to prepare this key. Many
thanks are due to Dr. Paul J.J. Bates and Malcolm Pearch, Harrison Zoological
Institute, Sevenoaks, UK; Dr. Y.P. Sinha, Retired Scientist, Gangetic Plains
Research Station, Zoological Survey of India, Patna; Dr. A.M. Hutson,
IUCN/SSC/Chiroptera Specialist Group, East Sussex, UK; and Dr. M.S. Pradhan,
Retired Scientist, Western Ghats Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India,
Pune for their encouragement, advice, support, comments and supply of important
publications. We thank Dr. Ramakrishna, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata
for permission to study the chiropteran collection and Dr. S.S. Saha, Dr. T.P.
Bhattacharyya and Mr. M.K. Ghosh for helping during the specimen studies. Dr.
G. Marimuthu and Dr. K. Sripathi of Madurai Kamaraj University, their other
colleagues and students deserve special thanks for their support during our
visits to Madurai, especially during the South Asian Chiroptera CAMP Workshop.
We also thank Dr. A. Madhavan, India; Dr. J.C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History
Society, India; Dr. Manoj Muni, India; Dr. Wipula Yapa, University of Colombo,
Sri Lanka; Mr. K.M. Swe, University of Yangon, Myanmar; Dr. T.K. Shrestha,
Tribhuvan University, Nepal, and all other bat researchers, especially the
CCINSA members, for sharing their knowledge.
We thank Dr. Wilma Jogunuri and Dr. Priya Raman, University of Arizona,
USA for helping with references; Ms. Sally Walker and Mr. Sanjay Molur, Zoo
Outreach Organization, Coimbatore for encouragement; Ms. Binu Priya, Ms. Padma
Priya, and Ms. J. Sheela of Zoo Outreach Organization who never once minded
scores of untimely and numerous requests for references and other
information. We thank Dr. Bhargavi
Srinivasulu and Aditya Srinivasulu for help in the preparation of the manuscript and initial checks and Dr. Neil
Furey, FFI Cambodia for last minute tweaking.
We thank Dr. G. Csorba, Head, Mammal Collection, Department of
Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest for his very valuable
suggestions and inputs. We are also grateful to field researchers in South Asia
who tested the key from 2002 to 2009 and responded with positive comments to
incorporate amendments. The first author
acknowledges the post doctoral research grant by Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research, New Delhi to work on fruit bat taxonomy in India.
For figures, keys & tables
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Introduction
Of the
rich diversity of vertebrate fauna, bats are unique in being the only group of
mammals that, like birds, have sustained flight. One of the 26 mammalian orders, the
Chiroptera includes 1117 species of bats world over in rather two unequal
suborders - the Megachiroptera (consisting 186 species of Old World fruit bats
in one family) and the Microchiroptera (consisting 931 species in 17 families)
(Mickleburgh et al. 1992; Koopman 1993; Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2001;
Hutson et al. 2001; Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies challenged
this traditional subdivision and proposed that the bats be subdivided into two
new suborders (Table 1), Yinpterochiroptera (includes the families
Pteropodidae, Rhinolophidae, Megadermatidae and Rhinopomatidae) and
Yangochiroptera (includes all the remaining families) (Teeling et al. 2005). However, until the new suborders are widely
accepted, we prefer to retain the traditional subdivision.
Bats are
widely distributed and have been recorded throughout the world excepting the
Antarctic and a few Oceanic Islands (Mickleburgh et al. 2002). Some of the bat families are widespread and
are recorded from both the Old World and the New World. Others are restricted in their range and are
recorded either only from the Old World or the New World. Of the 18 families of bats, eight families
(Pteropodidae, Rhinopomatidae, Nycteridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae,
Hipposideridae, Myzopodidae and Mystacinidae) are restricted to the Old World;
six families (Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Desmodontidae, Natalidae,
Furipteridae and Thyropteridae) are restricted to the New World; and three
families (Emballonuridae, Molossidae and Vespertilionidae) are found both in
the Old and New Worlds (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005).
Scope of this article
Although work on taxonomy and systematics of the region’s bat
diversity has been considerable (recently reviewed by Bates & Harrison
(1997)), there exists no published material that could help bat researchers in
easy identification of bats both in the field and in the laboratory or museum. The necessity of identifying living bats in
the field and preserved specimens prompted the preparation of this key. During the Conservation Assessment and
Management Plan (CAMP) Workshop on South Asian Bats, held at Madurai in
southern India in January 2002, the need for such a key for the South Asian
region was felt to be indispensable.
Hence, after deliberation and seeking the opinions from fellow bat
researchers, the work on the preparation of the key for field identification of
all the known species from Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Maldives was undertaken by the first author. We consulted published literature in the
process of preparation of this work (Appendix I).
The key, designed for use with a vernier caliper or a millimeter
scale and a hand lens, is modified from Blanford (1888-1891), Corbet & Hill
(1992), and Bates & Harrison (1997).
Numerous other publications, listed in the Reference section, were also
consulted. As some authorities suggest
that keys may lead to some confusion, the present work also incorporates
identification character matrices in tabular form for the ease of the
user. In the character matrices the
dental formula for each genus dealt with in this key is provided. The dental formula includes details of
incisors, canines, premolars, molars of one side for both upper and lower jaw
followed by total number of teeth present.
Variations within genus are denoted by the numerical in parenthesis.
We encourage readers to contact the lead author with suggestions and
recommendations so that the key may be kept current.
Taxonomic composition and endemicity of the bats of South Asia:
A total of 128 species of bats are reported from South Asia (Table
2), with the microchiropterans being better represented than the megachiropterans
(115 vs. 13 species). Among the
Microchiroptera large number of species are from the family Vespertilionidae,
followed by the families Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Emballonuridae,
Molossidae, Rhinopomatidae and Megadermatidae (Fig. 1). Of this diversity, 10 species, namely, Pteropus faunulus (Pteropodidae), Pteropus melanotus (Pteropodidae), Latidens salimalii (Pteropodidae), Rhinolophus cognatus (Rhinolophidae), Rhinolophus mitratus (Rhinolophidae), Hipposideros durgadasi (Hipposideridae), Hipposideros hypophyllus (Hipposideridae), Myotis csorbai (Vespertilionidae), Eptesicus tatei (Vespertilionidae) and Harpiola grisea (Vespertilionidae) are endemic to the
region. Family-wise percent endemicity
is greatest in Pteropodidae (21.4) followed by Hipposideridae (13.3),
Rhinolophidae (11.7 species) and Vespertilionidae (4.8).
Among the countries representing South Asia, India has more than 90%
of the total bat diversity of this region, while others have less than 50%
diversity (Fig. 2). Bhutan has 51%,
Nepal has 40%, Pakistan has 33%, Bangladesh has 29%, Afghanistan has 28%, Sri
Lanka has 23% and Maldives has 2% of the total bat diversity of South Asia.
Characters used for identification of bats
Identification
of bats depends upon a series of external, cranial and dental
measurements. Besides mensural
characters many qualitative characters also help in easy identification, and
wherever applicable we have included these.
In this section, various external and cranial (including dental)
measurements dealt in the present article as well as those useful in taxonomic
studies have been detailed.
External (see Figs. 3a and 3b for details)
E (Ear length): from the lower border of the external auditory canal to the tip of
the pinna, excluding hairs.
FA (Forearm length): taken
with the wings folded, from the outer end of the elbow to the outer end of the
wrist joint (or carpus).
HB (Head Body length): taken
dorsally, from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail.
HF (Hindfoot length): from
the outer end of the heel at the base of the calcar to the outer end of the
longest digit, excluding hairs or claws.
TL (Tail length): from
the base of the tail near the anal opening to tip of the tail.
Some other external measurements that are
considered for taxonomic studies include:
3mt (Third metacarpal length): from
the outer end of wrist joint (or carpus) to the distal outer end of the
metacarpal.
1ph 3mt (Length of the first phalanx of the third metacarpal): from the proximal to the distal end of the
first phalanx.
2ph 3mt (Length of the second phalanx of the third metacarpal): from the proximal to the distal end of the
second phalanx.
(Note: Similarly, 4mt (length of the fourth metacarpal), 5mt (length of
the fifth metacarpal), 1ph 4mt (Length of the first phalanx of the fourth
metacarpal), and 2ph 4mt (Length of the second phalanx of the fourth
metacarpal) is also taken in to consideration.)
TIB (Tibia length): taken from the knee joint to the ankle.
Thumb (Thumb length): length of the first digit including metacarpal and phalanx
excluding claw.
WSP (Wingspan): maximum spread of the wing from tip to tip taken with wings fully
stretched.
Cranial
(see Figs. 4 and 5
for details)
CBL (Condylobasal length): from occipito-condyle to the anterior edge of alveolus of the
anterior incisor.
CCL (Condylocanine length): from occipito-condyle to the anterior edge of alveolus of the
canine.
CMn (Maxillary toothrow): from the front of the upper canine to the back
of the crown of the last upper molar.
CMn (Mandibular toothrow): from the front of the lower canine to the back
of the crown of the last lower molar.
GTL (Greatest length of the skull): from the extreme end of the anterior to the
extreme end of the posterior parts of the skull.
M (Mandible length): from the extreme end of the condyle to the extreme end of the
anterior of the mandible including the incisors.
Mn-Mn (Width across the last molars): taken from the outer borders of the crown of
the last upper molars.
ZB (Zygomatic breadth): Greatest width of the skull across the zygomatic arches.
Some
other dental and cranial measurements that are considered for taxonomic studies
include:
BB (Breadth of the braincase): Greatest width of the brain case.
IC (Interorbital constriction): the narrowest width across the interorbital region.
RW (Rostral width): taken across the front of the orbits at their most anterior point.
Some
important terms defined
Antebrachial membrane: membrane in front of the arm extending between shoulder to forearm,
wrist or thumb.
Antitragus: a lobe developed from the basal part of the outer margin of the
ear.
Bicuspidate: a tooth possessing two cusps.
Bifid: a
structure having two distal processes.
Calcar: a
cartilaginous or bony spur like projection arising from the ankle that supports
the interfemoral membrane.
Canine: a
single tall and pointed tooth situated behind the incisors in each toothrow.
Cusp: a prominence
or point on tooth.
Echolocation: navigation in flight by means of the echo of sound pulses.
Gular sac: a glandular pouch like structure in the skin of the throat.
Incisor: a
front tooth situated in front of the canine tooth in each toothrow.
Interfemoral membrane: also uropatagium, a membrane extending between inner margins of the
legs and the distal end of the body enclosing all or a part of the tail.
Jugal:
also malar or the cheekbone, present in the middle of the zygomatic arch.
Lancet: present
in the forms belonging to the genus Rhinolophus, it is the erect, subtriangular, posterior part of the nose leaf.
Mandible: the lower jaw composed of two bones, fused to different degrees.
Metacarpal: one of the long bones of the hand of the bat extending from the
carpal bones to the proximal phalanx of the finger.
Molar: a
posterior cheektooth.
Narial:
pertaining to nasal region.
Noseleaf: a simple to complex structure derived from the skin around the nose
in some bats.
Pararhinal glands: specialized sebaceous glands on the side of the muzzle.
Phalanx:
(plural Phalanges) Digital bone of a finger or toe.
Premolar: a cheektooth in front of the first molar.
Radio-metacarpal pouch: a pocket on the ventral side of the wing extending between the
radius and the fifth metacarpal in some bats.
Rostrum: the
facial part of the skull in front of the orbits.
Sella: a
median anterior projection of the noseleaf of the genus Rhinolophus (Fig. 6).
Tibia: the
bone extending between the knee and the ankle.
Tragus: a
cutaneous projection at the opening of the external ear.
Unicuspid: a tooth with single cusp.
Zygoma:
(plural Zygomata) The arch of the cheek bone comprising part of squamosal at
the base, jugal in centre and part of maxilla in front.
Brief notes on Bats of South Asia
Order Chiroptera
Suborder Megachiroptera
Family Pteropodidae
Includes about 186 species of bats that feed chiefly on fruits,
leaves, flowers and flower products.
Distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania (Mickleburgh
et al. 2002; Simmons 2005). They have strong muzzle and jaws. Do not possess
noseleaf or tragus. Eyes are large. They possess keen sense of smell. Ears
simple (Fig. 7A). Tail small or absent, and proximal part of the caudal
vertebrae included, the distal ones are free (Fig. 8A). Fourteen species belonging to eight genera
have been reported from South Asia.
Brief descriptions of the genera of the family Pteropodidae
present in South Asia:
Rousettus Gray, 1821 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 75.0-90.0 mm) of rather
heavier built and short tail (8.0-21.0 mm).
Muzzle heavy and has deep emargination between the projecting
nostrils. First digit has large claws
while the second has smaller ones. Males
have well-developed glandular hairs on the throat than the females. Echolocate for orientation within roost by
clicking tongue against the roof of mouth.
Rostrum moderately elongated. Two
pairs of lower and upper incisors present.
Two species – R. aegyptiacus (E. Geoffroy, 1810) and R. leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820) – occur
in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 3.1.
Pteropus Brisson, 1762 – Medium to large-sized fruit bats (FA – 110.0-209.0
mm) without tail. Patagium arises from
sides of dorsum and the back of the second toe. Uropatagium less
developed. Second digit has a small claw. Rostrum moderate. Two pairs of lower and upper incisors
present. Four species – P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782, P. hypomelanus Temminck, 1853, P. melanotus Blyth, 1863 and P. faunulus Miller, 1902 – occur
in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 3.2.
Cynopterus Cuvier, F., 1824 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 57.0-79.0 mm) with
short tail (2.0-19.0 mm) that is half enclosed within the interfemoral
membrane. Muzzle short, and has deep
emargination between the projecting nostrils.
Both the first and second fingers have distinct claws. Rostrum short. Two pairs of lower and upper incisors
present. Two species – C. sphinx (Vahl, 1797) and C. brachyotis (Müller, 1838) – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 3
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 3.3.
Megaerops Peters, 1865 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 52.0-63.0 mm) without
any external tail. Muzzle short, and has
deep emargination between the projecting nostrils. Ears simple with broadly rounded tips. Interfemoral membrane narrow with dorsal
medial parts hairy. Rostrum short. Two pairs of upper and one
pair of lower incisors present.
One species –M.
niphanae Yenbutra
& Felten, 1983
– occurs in South
Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 3.4.
Latidens Thonglongya, 1972 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 66.0-69.0 mm)
without tail. Muzzle long, and has deep
emargination between the projecting nostrils.
Ears simple and oval, with narrowly rounded tips. Interfemoral membrane with
some hairs on upper and lower sides.
Rostrum elongated and narrow. Only one pair of lower and
upper incisors present. One
species – L.
salimalii Thonglongya,
1972 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
3.4.
Sphaerias Miller, 1906 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 52.0-61.0 mm) without
tail. Muzzle long, and has deep
emargination between the projecting nostrils.
Ears with well defined pale anterior margin, and with
small triangular antitragal lobe.
Interfemoral membrane very narrow and calcar absent. Rostrum long and narrow. Two pairs of lower and upper incisors
present. One species – S. blanfordi (Thomas, 1891) – occurs
in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in
Table 3 and those of the species belonging to it in Table 3.4.
Eonycteris Dobson, 1873 – Medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 66.0-78.0 mm) with
well-developed tail (11.5-23.0 mm).
Muzzle long and thin, and has deep emargination between the projecting
nostrils. Only the thumb is clawed,
second digit lacks claw. Ears are
narrowly rounded. Interfemoral
membrane very moderately broad, tail and calcar well-developed. A pair of large anal glands present. Tongue is sharply pointed and highly
protrusible with well-developed unfringed filiform papillae at the tip. Rostrum long and narrow. Two pairs of lower and upper incisors
present. There are usually eight palatal
ridges. One species – E. spelaea (Dobson, 1871) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
3.4.
Macroglossus Cuvier, F., 1824 – Small to medium-sized fruit bats (FA – 44.0-52.0
mm) without or with rudimentary tail (3.5-5.5 mm). Specialized for nectar feeding, muzzle long
and narrow. The thumb and the second
digit are clawed. Ears
medium with narrowly rounded tips, and small antitragal lobes. Interfemoral membrane very narrow and is
thickly haired. Tongue is sharply
pointed and highly protrusible. Rostrum
relatively long and narrow, braincase strongly deflected downwards. Two pairs of lower and upper incisors
present. One species – M. sobrinus (K. Andersen, 1911) – occurs in South
Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 3 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 3.4.
Suborder Microchiroptera
Family Rhinopomatidae
Includes five species of insectivorous bats. Distributed in dry regions of Africa and Asia
(Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005).
They have strong muzzle with thickened narial pads. Possess rudimentary noseleaf (a distinct
dermal ridge). Ears with simple tragus
(Fig. 7B) and joined over the forehead by thin membrane. The second and the third digits of each wing
have two distinct bony phalanges. Tail
very long, and is only partly enclosed by a small interfemoral membrane (Fig.
8D). Three species belonging to a single
genus is reported from South Asia.
Brief description of the genus of the family Rhinopomatidae
present in South Asia:
Rhinopoma E. Geoffroy, 1818 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 46.0-74.0 mm)
with long tail (49.0-78.0 mm). Tail
mostly projecting free from the interfemoral membrane. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower
incisors present. Other characters as
outlined above. Three species – R. microphyllum (Brünnich, 1782), R. hardwickii Gray, 1837 and R. muscatellum Thomas, 1903 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 4 and those of the species belonging to it
in Table 4.1.
Family Emballonuridae
Includes
about 51 species of insectivorous bats with wide distribution in Americas,
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons
2005). They have strong muzzle, and lack
noseleaf. Ears with
simple tragus. The basal part of
the tail is enclosed loosely in the interfemoral membrane and the tip pierces
the upper surface of the membrane and lies free on the dorsal side (Fig.
8E). Wings long and narrow and the
second digit of each lack phalanges.
Males usually have well-developed glands. Six species belonging to two genera are
reported from South Asia.
Brief descriptions of the genera of the family Emballonuridae
present in South Asia:
Taphozous E. Geoffroy, 1818 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 55.6-88.0 mm)
with relatively medium sized and stout tail (20.0-46.0 mm). In some the chin is either naked or haired,
and gular sac and/or glands on throat present or lacking. Some species have radio-metacarpal pouch on
the wing. Muzzle simple, lacks noseleaf,
and nostrils open forward. Rostrum
moderately elongated. One pair of upper
and two pairs of lower incisors present.
Five species – T. perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818, T. longimanus Hardwicke, 1825, T. nudiventris Cretzschmar, 1830-31, T. melanopogon Temminck, 1841 and T. theobaldi Dobson, 1872 – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 4
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 4.2.
Saccolaimus Lesson, 1842 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 63.0-68.0 mm) with
relatively medium sized and stout tail (21.0-35.0 mm). The chin is covered with short hairs. Gular sac on throat well-developed in males
and less developed in females. Radio-metacarpal pouch absent. Muzzle simple, lacks noseleaf, and nostrils
open forward. Rostrum moderately
elongated. One pair of upper and two
pairs of lower incisors present. One
species – S.
saccolaimus
(Temminck, 1838) – occurs in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 4
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 4.2.
Family Megadermatidae
Includes five species of insectivorous and carnivorous bats with
distribution restricted to Africa, Asia and Australia (Mickleburgh et al. 2002;
Simmons 2005). Ears are large and oval, joined over the forehead by a
membrane. Tragus is distinctly bifid
(Fig. 7C). They have strong muzzle and
noseleaf is simple and erect. On each
wing the second digit possess one phalanx and the third digit possess two
phalanges. Tail absent. Two species belonging to one genus is
reported from South Asia.
Brief description of the genus of the family Megadermatidae
present in South Asia:
Megaderma E. Geoffroy, 1810 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 54.0-71.5 mm)
without a tail. Upper incisors totally lacking and two pairs of lower incisors
present. Other characters as outlined
above. Two species – M. spasma Linnaeus, 1758 and M. lyra E. Geoffroy, 1810 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 4 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
4.3.
Family Rhinolophidae
Includes about 77 species of insectivorous bats with wide
distribution in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005). They have short muzzle and complex noseleaf
that essentially bears an erect posterior lancet, lower horizontal horseshoe
surrounding the nostrils and a perpendicular median sella (Fig. 9A). Ears pointed with well-developed antitragus
(Fig. 7D). Tragus absent. The tail (13.0-55.0 mm) is enclosed in the
interfemoral membrane (Fig. 8B). Twenty
species belonging to the single genus is reported from South Asia.
Brief description of the genus of the family Rhinolophidae
present in South Asia:
Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 33.4-80.5 mm)
with relatively medium sized tail (13.0-55.0 mm). One pair of upper and two pairs lower
incisors present. Other characters as
outlined above. Twenty species – R. ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774), R. hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800), R. affinis Horsfield, 1823, R. pusillus Temminck, 1834, R. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834, R. luctus Temminck, 1835, R. rouxii Temminck, 1835, R. lepidus Blyth, 1844, R. macrotis Blyth, 1844, 1844 R. mitratus Blyth, 1844, R. subbadius Blyth, 1844, R. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851, R. blasii Peters, 1867, R. yunanensis Dobson, 1872, R. mehelyi Matschie, 1902, R. beddomei Andersen, 1905, R. sinicus Andersen, 1905, R. cognatus Andersen 1906, R. bocharicus Kastchenko and Akimov, 1917 and R. shortridgei K. Andersen, 1918 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 4 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
4.4.
Family Hipposideridae
Includes
about 81 species of insectivorous bats with wide distribution in Africa, Asia,
Australia and Oceania (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005). They have short muzzle and complex noseleaf
that bears a horizontal horseshoe surrounding the nostrils, often thrown into
skin folds and associated leaflets (Fig. 9B).
Intermediate leaf may or may not be clearly differentiated. Posterior leaf simple to
complex. Sella
and connecting process absent.
The tail is well-developed and enclosed in the interfemoral membrane
(Fig. 8B). Other characters vary at the
generic level. Fifteen species belonging
to four genera are reported from South Asia.
Brief
descriptions of the genera of the family Hipposideridae present in South Asia:
Hipposideros Gray, 1831 – Small to medium-sized leaf-nosed
bats (FA – 33.0-99.0 mm) with a medium-sized tail (20.0-64.0 mm). Noseleaf with anterior leaf with or without
median emargination, an intermediate leaf and a posterior leaf (Fig. 8). Supplementary leaflets may be absent or
present, if present may vary from 1 to 4 and in some species the last being
much reduced. Ears pointed with large
antitragus. Tragus absent. The interfemoral membrane is broad and
completely encloses the tail except the extreme tip. One pair of upper incisors and two pairs of
lower incisors are present. Twelve
species – H.
speoris (Schneider,
1800), H.
diadema (Geoffroy,
E., 1813), H.
larvatus (Horsfield,
1823), H.
armiger (Hodgson,
1835), H.
fulvus Gray,
1838, H.
galeritus Cantor,
1846, H.
ater Templeton,
1848, H.
lankadiva Kelaart,
1850, H.
cineraceus Blyth,
1853, H.
pomona Andersen,
1908, H.
durgadasi Khajuria,
1970 and H. hypophyllus Kock & Bhat, 1994 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 5 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
5.1.
Triaenops Dobson, 1871 – Medium-sized leaf-nosed bats (FA – 48.3-54.0 mm)
with a long tail (31.0-39.0 mm). Muzzle
elongated and broad. Noseleaf with
anterior leaf with a deep median emargination, and internarial septum greatly
expanded. Intermediate and posterior
leaves undifferentiated, and upper border bears three vertical pointed
processes. Narial lappets present. A single pair of supplementary leaflets
present. Ears small. Tragus absent. The interfemoral membrane is broad and
completely encloses the tail except the extreme tip. A bony spicule at the base of the terminal
phalanx of the third finger is characteristic.
One pair of upper and two pairs of lower incisors are present. One species – T. persicus Dobson, 1871 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 5 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
5.2.
Asellia Gray, 1838 – Medium-sized leaf-nosed bats (FA – 50.1-52.3 mm) with
a moderately small tail (25.0-28.0 mm).
Muzzle elongated and narrow.
Noseleaf with simple anterior leaf lacking any emargination, and
internarial septum not expanded.
Intermediate leaf is smooth and slightly protuberant. Posterior leaf divided into four shallow cells
with three ill-defined septa. The upper
margin has three vertical processes of which the central one is pointed while
those on the sides are blunt. Narial
lappets little developed. Two pairs of
supplementary leaflets present. The
interfemoral membrane is broad and completely encloses the tail except the
extreme tip (ca. 3-5 mm). One pair of
upper and two pairs of lower incisors are present. One species – A. tridens Geoffroy, E., 1813 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 5 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
5.2.
Coelops Blyth, 1848 – Small-sized leaf-nosed bats (FA – 37.8-42.0 mm) with
a rudimentary tail (< 2.0 mm).
Noseleaf distinct with anterior leaf – distinctly divided into two by
deep emargination and also bearing two elongated narrow supplementary lappets
projecting beyond the muzzle.
Intermediate leaf has moderately developed median process. Posterior leaf has a single cell and a median
process. Noseleaf is covered with
hairs. Ears broad and have large
antitragal lobe. The interfemoral
membrane is narrow and poorly developed.
One pair of upper and two pairs of lower incisors are present. One species – C. frithii Blyth, 1848 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 5 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
5.2.
Family
Molossidae
Includes
about 100 species of insectivorous bats with wide distribution in Americas,
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons
2005). Lacks noseleaf. Tail stout and conspicuously projecting out
of a narrow interfemoral membrane (Fig. 8C).
Ears variable, usually fleshy could either be free or joined by membrane
over the head. Tragus is rudimentary,
while the antitragus is rudimentary to large.
The upper lip often wrinkled.
Four species belonging to three genera are reported from South Asia.
Brief descriptions of the genera of the family Molossidae
present in South Asia:
Tadarida Rafinesque, 1814 – Medium-sized free-tailed bats (FA – 43.1-63.9
mm) with a medium-sized tail (30.0-54.8 mm).
Ear, tail and other characters as outlined above. In some species ears are not joined over the
forehead, while in some they are joined.
Normally one pair of upper and two pairs of lower incisors are present,
but one species has three pairs of lower incisors. Two species – T. teniotis (Rafinesque, 1814)
and T. aegyptiaca (E. Geoffroy, 1818) – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus
are provided in Table 6 and those of the species belonging to it in Table 6.1.
Chaerephon Dobson, 1874 – Moderate-sized free-tailed bats (FA – 43.1-50.5 mm)
with a relatively long tail (30.0-44.0 mm).
Ears large and connected by a membrane over the forehead. Tragus quadrate and minute,
and antitragus half oval, separated posteriorly by a deep notch. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower
incisors are present. One species – C. plicatus (Buchanan, 1800) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 6 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
6.1.
Otomops Thomas, 1913 – Moderately large-sized free-tailed bats (FA –
63.0-67.0 mm) with a relatively long tail (41.0-49.0 mm). Ears large and connected by a membrane over
the forehead. Tragus
triangular and minute, and antitragus absent. One pair of upper and two to three pairs of
lower incisors are present. One species
– O. wroughtoni
(Thomas, 1913) –
occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic
morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 6 and those of the
species belonging to it in Table 6.1.
Family Vespertilionidae
Includes more than 400 species of insectivorous bats with wide
distribution in Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania
(Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons 2005).
Muzzle simple and lacks the noseleaf.
Ears separate from each other, however in few species they are joined
over the forehead. Tragus is
well-developed (Fig. 7E, F, G, H). The shape of antitragus can also be
diagnostic. There is a considerable
variation in the number of teeth among the genera. The long tail is completely enclosed in the
interfemoral membrane or the extreme tip protrudes out (Fig. 8B). Sixty-three species belonging to twenty three
genera are reported from South Asia.
Brief descriptions of the genera of the family Vespertilionidae
present in South Asia:
Murina Gray, 1842 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 27.7-40.9 mm) with a
moderately long tail (27.0-41.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short and broad with long and narrow
tragus. Projecting tubular nostrils
characteristic. Wings attached either to
the base of the claw of the first toe or to the base of the toe. Two pairs of upper incisors and three pairs
of lower incisors are present. Two pairs
each of upper and lower premolars are present.
Five species – M. leucogaster Milne-Edwards, 1872, M. aurata Milne-Edwards, 1872, M. cyclotis Dobson, 1872, M. huttoni (Peters, 1872) and M. tubinaris (Scully, 1881) – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 7.1.
Harpiola Thomas, 1915 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 32.4-32.8 mm) with a
moderately long tail (~27.5 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short and broad with triangular terminal
half. Tragus long and narrow,
acutely pointed and curved outwards.
Projecting tubular nostrils characteristic. Wings attached to the base of the first
toe. Two pairs of upper incisors and
three pairs of lower incisors are present.
Two pairs each of upper and lower premolars are present. One species – H. grisea (Peters, 1872) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.1.
Harpiocephalus Gray, 1842 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 44.1-50.1 mm) with a
moderately long tail (40.0-50.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Muzzle short.
Ears moderate with long tragus.
Projecting tubular nostrils characteristic. Two pairs of upper incisors and three pairs
of lower incisors are present. Two pairs
each of upper and lower premolars are present.
One species – H. harpia (Temminck, 1840) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and that of the species belonging to it in Table
7.1.
Kerivoula Gray, 1842 – Small-sized bats (FA – 31.5-42.0 mm) with a long tail
(35.0-55.0 mm). The interfemoral
membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears moderately long and funnel shaped with
long and slender tragus. Muzzle
simple. Two pairs of upper incisors and
three pairs of lower incisors are present.
Three pairs each of upper and lower premolars are present. Three species – K. picta (Pallas, 1767), K. hardwickii (Horsfield, 1825) and K. lenis Thomas, 1916 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.2.
Myotis Kaup, 1829 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 30.0-58.3 mm) with a
long tail (25.0-68.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears usually tall and slender,
and occasionally large. Tragus
well-developed and spear shaped (Fig. 7E).
Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower incisors are present. Some species have three pairs each of upper
and lower premolars, while in some species consistently only two pairs of both
upper and lower premolars present.
Fourteen species – M. emarginatus (E. Geoffroy, 1806), M. laniger (Peters, 1871), M. formosus (Hodgson, 1835), M. hasseltii (Temminck, 1840), M. horsfieldii (Temminck, 1840), M. muricola (Gray, 1846), M. siligorensis (Horsfield, 1855), M. blythii (Tomes, 1857), M. annectans (Dobson, 1871), M. nipalensis (Dobson, 1871), M. longipes (Dobson, 1873), M. montivagus (Dobson, 1874), M. sicarius Thomas, 1915 and M. csorbai Topal, 1997 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 7.3.
Plecotus Geoffroy, E., 1818 – Small-sized bats (FA – 36.5-45.1 mm) with a
long tail (48.0-54.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears usually large and joined over the
forehead. Tragus
well-developed and antitragus absent (Fig. 7F). Nostrils open upwards with their orifices
extended backwards by a fissure. Two
pairs of upper and three pairs of lower incisors are present. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower
premolars are present. Three species – P. homochrous Hodgson, 1847, P. wardi Thomas, 1911 and P. strelkovi Spitzenberger, 2008 – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 7.4.
Barbastella Gray, 1821 – Small-sized bats (FA – 38.7-42.1 mm) with a moderately
long tail (40.0-47.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears broad and not greatly elongated, forward
facing and joined over the forehead.
Tragus triangular and antitragus undefined. Nostrils open upwards and outwards. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower
incisors are present. Two pairs each of
upper and lower premolars are present.
One species – B. leucomelas (Cretzschmar, 1826) – occurs
in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 7.4.
Otonycteris Peters,
1859 – Large-sized bats (FA – 64.7-65.6 mm) with a moderately long tail
(40.0-58.0 mm). The interfemoral
membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears elongated. Tragus large and antitragus
small with a shallow notch.
Nostrils are crescent shaped. One
pair of upper and three pairs of lower incisors are present. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower premolars
are present. One species – O. hemprichii Peters, 1859 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.4.
Scotoecus Thomas, 1901 – Small-sized bats (FA – 34.1-37.3 mm) with a
moderately long tail (34.0-41.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears moderate with long and narrow
tragus. Muzzle broadened and flattened. One pair of upper and three pairs of lower
incisors are present. One pair of upper
and two pairs of lower premolars are present.
One species – S. pallidus Dobson, 1876 – occurs in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 7.5.
Scotomanes Dobson, 1875 – Medium to large-sized bats (FA – 56.1-61.2 mm) with
a moderately long tail (52.0-66.0 mm).
The interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the
tail. Ears elongated with broad
tragus. Antitragus undefined. Nostrils simple and face
slightly outward. One pair of
upper and three pairs of lower incisors are present. One pair of upper and two pairs of lower
premolars are present. One species – S. ornatus (Blyth, 1851) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.5.
Scotophilus Leach, 1821 – Medium to large-sized bats (FA – 44.0-65.8 mm) with a
moderately long tail (40.0-71.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears relatively small with crescent shaped
tragus. Antitragus
well-developed. Nostrils simple and face slightly outward. One pair of upper and three pairs of lower
incisors are present. One pair of upper
and two pairs of lower premolars are present.
Two species – S. kuhlii Leach, 1821 and S. heathi Horsfield, 1831 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.5.
Arielulus Hill & Harrison, 1987 – Large-sized bats (FA – 41.8-43.6 mm)
with a moderately long tail (~40.0 mm).
The interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the
tail. Ears short and
broad, tragus well-developed and broadest in the middle. Usually two pairs of upper and three pairs of
lower incisors; and two pairs each of upper and lower premolars are
present. One species – A. circumdatus (Temminck, 1840) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.6.
Hesperoptenus Peters, 1869 – Medium to large-sized bats (FA – 50.0-60.4 mm) with a
moderately long tail (44.0-63.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears large, thick and fleshy with large
crescent shaped tragus. Antitragus well-developed.
Muzzle broadened. Two pairs of
upper incisors and three pairs of lower incisors are present. One pair of upper premolars and two pairs of
lower premolars are present. One species
– H. tickelli (Blyth, 1851) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.6.
Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 35.4-55.1 mm)
with a moderately long tail (38.0-58.0 mm).
The interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the
tail. Ears large with short and blunt
tragus. Antitragus not well
defined. Two pairs of upper and three
pairs of lower incisors are present. One
pair of upper and two pairs of lower premolars are present. Seven species – E. serotinus (Schreber, 1774), E. bottae (Peters, 1869), E. pachyotis (Dobson, 1871), E. nasutus (Dobson, 1877), E. dimissus Thomas, 1916, E. gobiensis Bobrinskii, 1926 and E. tatei Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.6.
Nyctalus Bowdich, 1825 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 42.1-57.8 mm) with a
moderately long tail (31.0-55.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears relatively short with a club shaped
tragus. Two pairs of upper and three
pairs of lower incisors are present. Two
pairs each of upper and lower premolars are present. Three species – N. noctula (Schreber, 1774); N. leisleri (Kuhl, 1817); and N. montanus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1906) – occur in South
Asia. Diagnostic morphological
characters of the genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species
belonging to it in Table 7.7.
Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 – Small to medium-sized bats (FA – 25.0-42.6 mm) with a
moderately long tail (20.0-49.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short and broad,
tragus well-developed (Fig. 7G).
Antitragus is not well defined.
On the muzzle, pararhinal glands and internarial groove are
distinct. Usually two pairs of upper and
three pairs of lower incisors; and two pairs each of upper and lower premolars
are present. Some species have reduction
in dentition. Eight species – P. pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774), P. kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), P. coromandra (Gray, 1838), P. javanicus (Gray, 1838), P. abramus (Temminck, 1840), P. tenuis (Temminck, 1840), P. ceylonicus (Kelaart, 1852) and P. paterculus Thomas, 1915 – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 7.7.
Scotozous Dobson, 1875 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 32.7-36.0 mm) with a
moderately long tail (27.0-41.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short and broad,
tragus well-developed with small triangular lobe near the base of the outer
margin. Penis enlarged. One pair of upper (second upper usually
absent, when present very minute) and three pairs of lower incisors; and two
pairs each of upper and lower premolars are present. One species – S. dormeri Dobson, 1875 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.7.
Tylonycteris Peters, 1872 – Small-sized bats (FA – 26.1-29.0 mm) with a long tail
(26.0-33.0 mm). The interfemoral
membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears triangular, with short and broad
tragus. Head characteristically
broadened and flattened. Fleshy pads on
the ball of thumb and sole of the foot characteristic. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower
incisors are present. One pair of upper
and two pairs of lower premolars are present.
Two species – T. pachypus (Temminck, 1840) and T. robustula Thomas, 1915 – occur in South Asia.
Diagnostic morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7
and those of the species belonging to it in Table 7.8.
Ia Thomas, 1902 – Large-sized bats (FA –
70.9-77.3 mm) with a moderately long tail (~ 65.0mm). The interfemoral membrane encloses the entire
but the extreme tip of the tail (~ 6.0mm). Ears broad with moderately long
tragus. Nostrils
simple and face slightly outward.
Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower incisors are present. Two pairs each of upper and lower premolars
are present. One species – I. io Thomas, 1902 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.8.
Falsistrellus Throughton, 1943 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 38.4-41.4 mm) with a
moderately long tail (30.0-41.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears squarish with broadly rounded tips,
tragus well-developed with a small triangular lobe near the base of the outer
margin. On the muzzle, pararhinal glands
and internarial groove are distinct. Two
pairs of upper and three pairs of lower incisors; and two pairs each of upper
and lower premolars are present. One
species – F.
affinis (Dobson,
1871) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic
morphological characters of the genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the
species belonging to it in Table 7.8.
Philetor Thomas, 1902 – Small-sized bats (FA – 31.7-35.7 mm) with a
moderately long tail (27.1-32.2 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short with broad, short fleshy and thick
tragus. Two pairs of upper incisors and
three pairs of lower incisors are present.
One pair of upper premolars and two pairs of lower premolars are
present. One species – P. brachypterus (Temminck, 1840) – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.8.
Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 42.0-45.5 mm) with a
moderately long tail (40.0-48.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears relatively small and broad, with small,
short, blunt and rounded tragus.
Antitragus well defined. Nostrils simple and face slightly outward. Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower
incisors are present. One pair of upper
and two pairs of lower premolars are present.
One species – V. murinus Linnaeus, 1758 – occurs in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.8.
Hypsugo Kolenati, 1856 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 32.1-38.0 mm) with a
moderately long tail (30.0-49.0 mm). The
interfemoral membrane encloses the entire but the extreme tip of the tail. Ears short and broad,
tragus well-developed. Antitragus
is not well defined. Usually two pairs
of upper and three pairs of lower incisors; and one pair of upper and two pairs
lower premolars are present. Two species
– H. savii (Bonaparte, 1873) and H. cadornae (Thomas, 1916) – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 7 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
7.8.
Family Miniopteridae
Includes
about 19 species of insectivorous bats with wide distribution in Americas,
Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania (Mickleburgh et al. 2002; Simmons
2005). Muzzle simple and lacks the
noseleaf. Ears separate from each
other. Tragus is well-developed. The long tail is completely enclosed in the
interfemoral membrane or the extreme tip protrudes out. Characteristically posses greatly elongated
third digit whose second phalanx is markedly longer than that of the first, owing
to which the distal end of the wing bends over the body while at rest. Three species belonging to one genus are
reported from South Asia.
Miniopterus
Bonaparte,
1837 – Medium-sized bats (FA – 39.6-49.6 mm) with a long tail (39.6-61.0
mm). The interfemoral membrane encloses
the entire but the extreme tip of the tail.
Ears small with tall, slender and slightly forwardly curved tragus (Fig.
7H). Muzzle short. Two pairs of upper incisors and three pairs
of lower incisors are present. Two pairs
of upper premolars and three pairs of lower premolars are present. Three species – M. fuliginosus (Hodgson, 1835), M. pusillus Dobson, 1876 and M. magnater Sanborn, 1931 – occur in South Asia. Diagnostic morphological characters of the
genus are provided in Table 8 and those of the species belonging to it in Table
8.1.
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